AP考试即将在5月到来。今天和同学们分享AP英语语言与写作（APlang）Q2（question 2）开头段的高分写作方法。
FRQ包含三篇写作任务要求，其中Q2的要求是写一篇rhetorical analysis的文章。Q2会先提供一篇文章，要求学生分析作者是在何种语境下，运用什么修辞手法展开讨论，达到写作目的的。
整体而言，Q2不是单单强调学生对内容的理解，而是要求学生发现文本语言的独特特征和艺术表现力。简言之，学生要完成的任务是写一篇品鉴性的评论文章。
因此，建议在开头段的写作中，考生可以注入一些鉴赏或评论性的描述，而不是简单地概括作者文章主旨和使用的修辞手法。
下面，我们先阅读AP官方指南中一篇Q2的任务要求，然后我们再来看根据该篇任务要求完成的两个开头段。
这是一篇美国前国务卿赖斯（Rice）在一所大学的毕业典礼上发表的演讲。文章以“What do I mean by human progress”开篇，以“You see, things that seem impossible often seem inevitable in retrospect.”结尾。内容谈及黑人种族不应受到歧视，并建议年轻人拥有正确平等观念，只有这样人类才能真正进步。文章主要使用了personal anecdote，repetition，rhetorical question，appeals to pathos等手法。
但是，如果开头按下面方式写，有问题吗？
Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State, in her commencement speech to graduating class of Southern Methodist University, conveys her idea of the importance of human progress and encourages young people to hold the right conception of justice. By doing this, she uses such rhetorical devices as personal anecdote, repetition, rhetorical question, and appeals to pathos.
语言表达没有任何问题，不存在任何语法层面的错误。但是，如果我们开头这样写，就失去了品味和评论，而只是让开头沦为一个概括、总结、甚至是重述的语言表达形式。
下面是另一种开头段写法。
That "Humans are born equal" seems to be a cliche, but human equality is an issue that has never been truly resolved. Were there no fairness among different races and genders, there would be no dignity and no justice and only bias would be left in human nature. Then human progress would become meaningless and a mere scrap of nothing. Condoleezza Rice, in her commencement speech to the graduating class of Southern Methodist University, sends her message of what human progress means and inspires young people to embrace the truth of democracy, equality, service, and justice by showcasing herself as one example of "humble origin not determining humble future." She also appeals to logos by clarifying some misunderstandings in young people's minds: instead of asking "Why do Inot have?", ask "Why have I been given so much?"
与第一种开头段写法不同的是，这个开头的开篇给出了类似评论性的文字：人类中存在歧视、平等问题长久不能解决、人性在障碍人类进步。
两个开头一比较，不难得出结论：后者更高一筹。
我们再读一个开头段。文章内容是2021年奥巴马在Rosa Parks纪念雕像落成典礼上的演讲。熟悉美国历史的同学都知道Rosa Parks和美国黑人民权运动息息相关。1955年，由于在公共汽车上没有按司机要求给白人让座，而遭到逮捕和监禁。
下面是带有评论性文字的开头段(作者使用修辞手法部分已省略)：
Justice will never be absent; it will only be late. What Rosa Parks has been through decades ago shows to people that humanity's bias, like a heart shadowed by ignorance, would impair reasonable judgment. However, darkness, when light comes in, would finally be enlightened. Justice, will come; it's just matter of time...
所以，对考生们有以下的“建议”和“不建议”。
建议：开头段可以有鉴赏或评论性描述。
不建议：开头段只是简单概括文章主旨和写作手法。
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