6月21日雅托福考试结束啦~同学们考得怎么样呀？
阅读听力部分搞事情
考生们纷纷表示：裸考蒙混过关要不得，靠谱操作必须是扎扎实实打基础，配上猛刷题才行～
备考的小伙伴们快来看看本场托福考情回顾吧👇
01、阅读部分
上午场：
R1
Noise in the sea 海洋中的噪音
第一段：
声音是海洋生物最重要的交流方式。由于水下能见度低（珊瑚礁区域最多200英尺，浑浊水域仅3英尺），而声音传播更远更快，因此许多海洋生物依赖听觉。例如，鲸鱼和海豚用回声定位导航，雄性蟾鱼通过嗡嗡声吸引雌性。但船只引擎等背景噪音会掩盖这些声音，威胁生物生存。实验显示，蟾鱼在渡轮噪音中难以互相听见。随着全球贸易增长（80%货物通过海运），船舶噪音持续增加。
第二段：
海水密度使声音传播比空气中更快（约每秒5000英尺）且衰减更慢。高频声音衰减快，低频声音（如鲸鱼的隆隆声）可传播数百甚至数千英里。海洋中还存在特殊的“声道层”（温跃层），类似光纤传导声音，使信号几乎不衰减。美国海军曾利用这一特性，通过爆炸声定位落水飞行员。
第三段：
噪音对生物的影响取决于频率。人类活动产生的低频噪音与鱼类和鲸类的听觉范围重叠，迫使它们被迫适应。例如，北大西洋露脊鲸在船只噪音中会叫得更大声、音调更高（比1950年代提升约8个音阶），但音量有极限，长期可能导致种群隔离。虎鲸在观鲸船附近时会延长叫声以克服噪音干扰。
第四段：
噪音还直接干扰捕食。以回声定位捕食的喙鲸为例，它们通过头部脂肪组织发射声波探测猎物（如乌贼），但实验显示，背景噪音下其捕食成功率下降超一半。此外，频繁的船只噪音可能迫使动物中断觅食，导致饥饿。
R2
Economic Decline of the Roman Empire
罗马帝国的经济衰落
第一段：
罗马帝国（公元前31年-公元476年）通过征服扩张积累了巨大财富，但其经济本质上是非生产性的。罗马城的繁荣依赖战争掠夺（如北非和西西里进贡的粮食），自身几乎不生产制成品，主要依靠放贷经济。这种模式需要持续扩张才能维持。当帝国疆域稳定后，战争收益锐减，皇帝甚至难以支付军饷，最终选择恶性解决方案：货币贬值（如银币第纳尔含银量暴跌至1/40）。货币持续贬值导致富人将财富转为土地投资，因为土地能保值。
第二段：
富人从城市迁往乡村对帝国文明造成严重后果。罗马曾通过城市化同化被征服民族，但三世纪后城市失去吸引力。富人撤离导致工商
业萧条，城市规模萎缩（如波尔多从175英亩缩至56英亩）。废弃区域沦为废墟，城市化进程逆转。
第三段：
帝国人口减少（估计从7000万降至5000万）加剧危机。尽管人口下降，帝国仍维持原有疆域和福利体系（如免费发放粮食酒油）。为保障物资供应，当局将商人组织成世袭行会（collegia），强制子承父业（如面包师之子只能娶面包师之女）。最残酷的是地方官员（curiales）制度，他们需为城镇税收和物资供应承担连带责任，即使土地荒芜也要足额缴税，甚至成为宗教迫害工具（如马克森提乌斯和霍诺留皇帝以此惩罚异见群体）。
R3
Text in Dutch Painting 荷兰绘画中的文字
第一段：
17世纪荷兰绘画迎来黄金时期，艺术家们创作的风俗画、静物画和肖像画不仅具有审美价值，还承担着道德教化、法律证明和纪念功能。文字在这些画作中扮演着重要角色，是实现多重功能的关键元素。
第二段：
艺术家签名成为荷兰绘画的重要特征。虽然早期已有艺术家署名的先例，但将签名作为标准做法是荷兰的新发展。这种签名行为打破了绘画"如实记录现实"的假象，建筑画家萨恩勒丹甚至将签名设计成教堂柱子上的涂鸦，并详细标注地点日期以增强可信度。签名还具有法律效力，表明作品出自某个工作室。
第三段：
文字还用于阐释画作主题。肖像画中标注人物年龄和姓名的做法在15世纪荷兰开始普及，反映了欧洲对个人身份认知的转变。这种转变与艺术家签名的兴起都体现了新的身份观念。
第四段：
静物画和风俗画中的文字更具深意。范德海登1712年作品《珍奇角落》中打开的圣经《传道书》章节"虚空的虚空"，不仅点明主题，还衍生出"虚空派静物画"这一子类型，通过物品象征生命短暂。静物画中的文字也常用来歌颂荷兰文学和历史名人。
第五段：
书写艺术本身也成为创作主题。书法大师范德维尔德与版画家弗里修斯合作的书法手册，将书写升华为需要高超技艺的视觉艺术。这种对书写和印刷的推崇，恰逢欧洲将读写能力视为文明机构性标志的时期。
R4
Pleistocene Extinctions 更新世灭绝
第一段：
更新世末期（约11500年前）发生了大型哺乳动物大灭绝事件，其中美洲和澳洲受影响最严重。澳洲16种大型哺乳动物中有15种灭绝，北美45属中有33属消失，南美58属中有46属灭绝。
相比之下，欧洲23属仅损失7属，撒哈拉以南非洲44属仅灭绝2属。目前存在两种主要假说：气候变化假说和史前过度捕杀假说。
第二段：
更新世晚期全球气候剧变导致植被更替。北美和欧亚大陆的开阔苔原被针叶林和阔叶林取代，北极地区从富饶的草本植被退化为贫瘠的沼泽苔原，美国西南部也从湿润多湖环境变为半干旱地区，这些变化导致许多大型哺乳动物栖息地消失。
第三段：
气候变化假说存在疑点：为何其他动物能迁徙适应而大型哺乳动物不能？例如驯鹿和北极狐就在气候变暖时成功北迁至北极地区。
第四段：
反对气候变化假说的第二个依据：更新世多次冰川进退都未引发大规模灭绝，说明气候因素与灭绝事件缺乏必然联系。
第五段：
史前过度捕杀假说认为灭绝时间与人类到达美洲（约11000年前）和澳洲（约40000年前）的时间吻合。非洲和欧洲动物因长期与人类共存而幸免，而新大陆动物缺乏应对人类猎捕的经验。
第六段：
过度捕杀假说面临三个质疑：1) 早期人类群落规模小，难以造成大规模灭绝（但对比新西兰恐鸟灭绝案例）；2) 现代猎人倾向捕杀小型动物，考古证据显示欧洲遗址中猛犸象等大型动物遗骸稀少；3) 美洲灭绝动物遗骸旁罕见人类活动痕迹（支持者认为灭绝速度过快导致证据不足）。
第七段：
灭绝原因仍无定论，可能是多重因素共同作用的结果。气候变化造成的生存压力可能使动物更容易因人类捕猎而灭绝，特别是当猎人以雌性和幼体为主要目标时。
下午场：
R1
The vadose Zone and its Structure
渗流带及其构造
第一段：
雨水落到干燥地面后不会立即成为地下水，而是先渗入非饱和带（未被水浸透且能继续吸水的区域）。地下水位标志着非饱和带与饱和带的分界。水分到达地下水位需要较长时间，且并非所有降水都能到达——部分水分会在非饱和带短暂停留后蒸发返回大气。
第二段：
非饱和带（又称包气带或渗流带）的水分始终处于上下左右的运动状态。该区域具有三层结构：最上层是土壤层；中间是包含底土和基岩的过渡带；最下层是与地下水位接触的毛细边缘带（地下水像海绵吸水般向上渗透的区域）。
第三段：
土壤层是最复杂的一层，与底土的关键区别在于含有除细菌外的活体生物。植物根系和大量土壤生物的活动会改变土壤结构、颜色、化学性质及水流路径。当水分从土壤进入底土时，其渗透环境会发生根本变化。
第四段：
土壤厚度差异极大（从岩石上的薄尘层到4-5米厚的泥炭层），其形成取决于有机物堆积与水流侵蚀的动态平衡。长期稳定的土壤厚度意味着这两种作用力达到了均衡。
第五段：
过渡带由松散沉积物或基岩构成，位于土壤层与毛细边缘带之间。当土壤深厚或地下水位较浅时，过渡带可能完全缺失。
第六段：
渗流带的上两层（土壤层和过渡带）是水分的临时中转站：部分下渗成为地下水，部分横向流入河湖，部分通过植物蒸腾返回大气。
第七段：
毛细边缘带通过海绵式吸力从下方地下水持续吸水，其厚度取决于材料质地。水分在重力下拽和毛细上吸的平衡作用下，填充物质孔隙并形成稳定水层。不同质地的材料会导致毛细边缘带厚度差异（如细沙中可达2米，黏土中仅几厘米）。
R2
Using Animal Bones to Determine Past Climates
利用动物骨骼确定过去的气候
第一段：
末次冰期在欧洲逐渐消退后，原本贫瘠的冻土带开始演变成茂密的林地生态系统。这一环境变化促使大量鸟类和哺乳动物向北方迁移。这些动物死亡后，它们的骨骼被保存在洞穴沉积物中，成为重要的古生物证据。洞穴中的骨骼来源多样：既有原本栖息在洞穴中的动物（如洞熊、鬣狗），也有被食肉动物带回洞穴的猎物残骸，还有通过猫头鹰粪便沉积的小型哺乳动物骨骼。随着人类进入这些区域，他们开始将洞穴作为居所，并在其中丢弃狩猎获得的动物骨骼。
第二段：
洞穴沉积物中的动物骨骼为重建欧洲古环境提供了关键线索。不同动物物种对栖息环境的特殊偏好（如驯鹿适应冻原、马鹿偏好温带林地）使其成为绝佳的环境指示物。比利时列日大学的古生物学家Jean-Marie Cordy通过对莱日河流域石灰岩洞穴的长期研究，整合了跨越百年的发掘数据，成功构建了从公元前15，000年到9，000年的连续气候变迁记录。
第三段：
Cordy的研究揭示了显著的气候波动周期：在公元前14，500年之前，洞穴沉积物中几乎全是适应极寒环境的驯鹿和麝牛骨骼；此后突然出现了马、马鹿和野猪等温带物种，对应著名的Bolling温暖期；随后又出现驯鹿数量回升的寒冷阶段。这种冷暖交替的模式一直持续到全新世初期（约公元前9，600年）冰期完全结束。
第四段：
虽然大型哺乳动物骨骼能提供重要信息，但也存在明显局限：首先这类骨骼在沉积物中通常数量有限；其次像马鹿这样的广适性物种能在多种环境中生存；再者这些骨骼可能被人类或食肉动物从很远的地方带到洞穴。相较而言，小型哺乳动物（特别是啮齿类）因其数量庞大、分布范围有限且对环境变化极为敏感，成为更精确的气候变化指示剂。
第五段：
比利时沙勒克斯洞穴的啮齿类化石记录完美诠释了这一价值：在公元前13，000年之前的极寒期，沉积物中几乎全是北极旅鼠化石；随着气候转暖，出现了榛鼠、田鼠等喜温物种；而在新仙女木寒冷事件期间，森林啮齿类完全消失，北极旅鼠重新占据绝对优势。这些微小但精确的变化直接印证了古气候的剧烈波动。
02、听力部分
C1
学生和自己的advisor讨论自己下一年的课程安排。学生说自己本来想在夏季上一门课（好像是American Literature），但是这门课夏季已经满了，所以她只能上秋季的课程，但是她秋季要去巴黎交换，这样时间就有冲突。Advisor建议学生在巴黎修一门相似的课程，这样就可以满足要求，学生经过讨论后表示赞同。
C2
学生和生态学教授的学术对话。学生说自己做过National Park的巡护员，对森林生态学很有兴趣。教授建议他做相关的实习，可以做实地研究，自己可以给他写推荐信。实习的申请需要提交一份proposal，学生想用自己写的Amazon早期农业的一篇文章。教授说这篇文章很好。学生担心早期农业跟考古学太相关，教授建议说可以和现代环境科学进行结合，只要能提出明确的问题、有具体方案就好。
C3
学生和教授讨论报告和演讲。学生说她盐分损害的研究的研究感兴趣，所以想做类似的topic。教授说盐分会渗透到建筑材料中，形成结晶并产生压力，导致建筑物破裂。学生想写的是盐分对于artifacts的影响，比如陶器。教授让她把范围再缩小一点，写特定遗址的文物，并讨论相关的保存方法，包括如何恢复受损文物的最佳做法。
Lecture
1.18世纪60年代的时候，Connecticut有一股丝绸热，州里大部分居民都做跟丝绸相关的工作。其中提到一个代表人物，说他研究养蚕技术，推动了丝绸产业的发展。当地政府也做了一系列工作，比如提供资金、通过报纸宣传，导致有很多居民都参与到丝绸产业中来。虽然做了很多努力，但是丝绸产量并不成功，生产中有很多困难，然后举了一些困难的例子，但是大家都想通过丝绸赚钱，所以参与的人还是很多。19世纪30年代，丝绸热在康州又兴起了，引进了一种新的桑树，但还是不尽如人意。康州的丝绸热持续了几十年，反映了人们都想快速致富的心。
2.讲了太空飞行的两种推进技术：化学推进和太阳电推进。教授先讲化学推进，说它的原理就是通过燃烧燃料产生爆炸，从而使飞船加速。这种方法的好处是推力大，速度快，缺点是燃料耗费多，不cost-effective。
然后讲到太阳电推进技术，说这种方式的原理是离子运动产生推力。优点是重量小，但能持续产生推理，飞船也是逐渐加速的，燃料也少。缺点是离太阳元的时候，产生的推力就减少。
3.讲美国怎么让十三个州变成了United States。
4.第三定律，讲力的相互作用，还提到了火箭，说火箭需要燃料和氧化剂，但是因为真空中缺乏氧气，氧化剂就可以是燃料燃烧，产生推力。
5.艺术。讲的是Hudson River School，他们画的是风景画，因为主要在纽约哈德逊河附近活动而得名。这个流派的画不仅体现出了美国的社会变迁，还举了两个例子，还和环境保护结合。又举了一个例子，说这个人通过画展现自然的美，呼吁人们保护环境。
03、口语部分
TASK 1
独立口语部分
上午场：
（第一套）重复2019-01-12
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is never acceptable to interrupt other people when he/she is talking.
（第二套）
Some people like to organize and plan parties or other social events. Others prefer not to organize parties and would rather simply attend events that they have been invited to. Which do you prefer? Use details and examples to explain your opinion.
（第三套）暂缺
下午场：
（第一套）
Do you think government should spend money saving the endangered animals or the money has to come from private sources?
（第二套）
Your school is now having a financial problem and is now considering cuttingsome student clubs. Which of the following clubs do you think your school should cut:
-Sports clubs like the hiking club
-Non-Sports clubs like the speech and debate club
（第三套）：暂缺
TASK 2
校园题
上午场：
（第一套）20250219真题/整套 / Task 2 (Move Career Fair to Beginning of Year(0326家考))
（第二套）暂缺
（第三套）暂缺
下午场：
（第一套）
学生宿舍安装小冰箱，听力反对，因为学生宿舍公共区域里有公共冰箱，并且小冰箱就算体积小，宿舍东西很多也会放不下。
（第二套）：暂缺
TASK 3
学术讲座题
上午场：
（第一套：托福冲刺段真题集A第三套 / Task 3：Bandwagon
（第二套）：Single Bias
（第三套）暂缺
下午场：
（第一套）：Response Effort，如果在付出很多努力之后才能完成一件事，人们可能会放弃去做；反之就会很乐意去做。例子是老师让小朋友画完画之后把蜡笔放到盒子里，盒子太小大家就不愿意放，改为放到很大的桶里，小朋友就乐意去做。
（第二套）：暂缺
TASK 4
学术讲座题
上午场：
（第一套）Two ways that different animal species enter hibernation
主题: 2 ways that different animal species enter hibernation.
1: 有些动物每年进入冬眠的时间一样，都是在天气变得很冷、食物变得稀缺之前开始冬眠。有一种松鼠（Arctic Ground Squirrel），在夏初的时候会吃很多食物，让自己的体重翻倍，然后在夏末，哪怕这个时候也是能找到食物的，但它们就会提前进入冬眠期。
2：冬眠时间不一定，只要天气turns really cold就冬眠；Pocket Mouse -- -- 只要有食物，天气也没太冷，就不会hibernate。
下午场
（第一套）
Two bio adaptations for animals to avoid being washed away by water streams，动物使用什么方式在湍急的水流里生存，一种是附着在底部，例如吸附在河底的石头上；另一种是拥有一种特殊的器官，可以不漂浮而是sink到底部(冲刺B组真题第二套)
（第二套）：暂缺
04、写作部分
第一套
综合写作
A vine from Asia called kudzu has quickly spread across the southeastern United States and has become an invasive species that kills off native plants. The reading offers three methods for controlling the spread of kudzu, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes that none of these methods are effective.
First, the reading claims that removing kudzu’s root crown is one way to eliminate the invasion because cutting the root crown and removing it from the soil will prevent new kudzu vines from growing. In contrast, the lecturer presents the opposite view, stating that this method is difficult to implement. Specifically, the root crown starts to grow two to three centimeters below the soil surface and can extend deep into the soil. This makes it very challenging for people to locate the bottom of the crown, dig below it, and cut it from the roots beneath. Any remaining part of the root crown can lead to regrowth.
In addition, the author mentions that transporting goats to areas overgrown with kudzu and allowing them to graze can help remove kudzu, as goats can consume a significant amount of it and prevent its regrowth. However, the speaker argues that this method will not be effective. According to the lecture, the removal of kudzu requires goats to graze in the same area for an extended period, but these goats will only stay for a short time before being transported to other areas infested with kudzu. As a result, kudzu will regrow soon after the goats are moved. Thus, the reading is heavily challenged by the professor.
Last but not least, the article suggests that using naturally occurring microorganisms, such as fungi, is a way to eradicate kudzu. This theory is supported by an experiment that demonstrated that when a kudzu plant is infected with fungi, it exhibits visible symptoms, such as weakness and lifelessness. However, the professor in the lecture is skeptical of this method and asserts that it is problematic. For instance, a large quantity of fungi is required to effectively restrain the spread of kudzu. However, laboratories do not have sufficient resources to cultivate such a large amount of fungi. Another concern is that any contact with plants infected with fungi can cause skin irritation.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class on marketing. Write a post responding to the professor's question. In your response, you should do the following.
Express and support your opinion.
Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Diaz:
Let's continue talking about consumer behavior. We have been discussing different ways people go about choosing what products to buy, and there are many potential sources of information and advice for consumers. In your opinion, which is the better strategy for making purchasing decisions, relying on advice from friends and family, or depending on information from online sources? Why?
Claire：
Asking friends and family members for product recommendations might seem like an easier option, but it might take too much time to get all the information you need. An internet search would be much more efficient. There are many consumer magazines available online that compile lots of data to compare the advantages and disadvantages of one product versus another.
Paul:
The last time I bought a computer, I just watched a few videos online to make a decision, and now I regret that. My friends could have advised me better because they know my preferences and the kind of features that I am interested in. Consumers should get advice from the people around them to find the most suitable products.
第二套
综合写作
The reading passage contends that traffic cameras have several disadvantages and limitations, while the listening passage disagrees and argues that they are more useful than the reading suggests, presenting counterarguments to each point.
First, the reading claims that unlike human officers, traffic cameras cannot immediately intervene by stopping drivers and issuing fines upon detecting violations. However, the listening passage counters that immediate intervention is not crucial. What matters is altering the behavior of dangerous drivers, and traffic cameras are more effective in this regard. By recording all violations and subsequently requiring drivers to pay fines, cameras issue more fines overall compared to human officers in the same area, thus having a greater impact on curbing dangerous driving.
Second, the reading states that drivers only obey traffic rules in areas where
cameras are installed, similar to how they behave when human officers are present. In response, the listening passage rebuts the article and points out that although cameras cannot be installed everywhere, they are cheaper than human officers. This affordability allows for a wider installation across more road sections, enabling cameras to monitor a larger proportion of the road system. As a result, drivers are more consistently compelled to follow traffic rules.
Finally, the reading argues that using traffic cameras at intersections causes traffic accidents, as some drivers suddenly slow down or stop upon seeing the cameras, leading to rear-end collisions. The listening passage acknowledges that there have been some rear-end collisions, but emphasizes that these are minor. More significantly, cameras have effectively reduced the occurrence of other serious accidents, such as head-on and sideways collisions, by as much as 40%. Overall, the listening passage presents a strong case for the effectiveness of traffic cameras, challenging the negative portrayal in the reading.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class.
Write a post responding to the professor's question. In your response, you should do the following.
Express and support your opinion.
Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Gupta：
One social phenomenon we discussed recently is this: when a person is in some trouble, some people help that person, while many others do nothing. Some people conclude that inaction- that is, doing nothing-makes the world a worse place. In your post, please discuss the causes or the effects of this social phenomenon; in other words, what are some reasons why people might choose not to help others, or what are some results of this inaction?
Andrew ：
In my opinion, one of the main causes behind this phenomenon of people not helping others is concern for one's own interests. If I come across someone in a situation who needs help, I will want to help that person-but not if it creates some significant problem for me. Doing so will simply put us both in a bad situation.
Kelly:
I agree that inaction makes the world worse. That means that we all have the responsibility to make the world a better place. An important effect of people not taking on this responsibility is that we may feel less trusting of our neighbors. Conversely, when others show that they are willing to help people, our community becomes stronger.
第三套
综合写作
The increasing trend of Americans purchasing medications online has sparked a heated debate, with the reading passage highlighting significant concerns and the listening passage presenting counterarguments.
First of all, the reading points out that many drugs sold online are uncertified and experimental, posing potential risks to consumers. However, the listening passage challenges these concerns. Regarding the risk of uncertified and experimental drugs, it contends that people have the right to seek suitable medical services. Since some new drugs are still in the experimental stage but patients cannot afford to wait for traditional treatments, online purchases may be their only hope.
Second, the reading argues that when patients consult doctors in person, they receive clear warnings about potential dangers and side effects of medications, which online buyers lack. As for the lack of professional advice, the listening passage suggests that online databases offer a wealth of information. Although pharmacists may not be able to answer all questions, patients can search these databases to gain a comprehensive understanding of medication precautions.
Finally, the author emphasizes that while drugs bought from hospitals are guaranteed in quality, those purchased online may come from foreign pharmacies, potentially endangering patients' lives. In response to the concern about the quality of foreign - sourced drugs, the listening passage argues that online - purchased drugs, even from other countries, are likely to be the same as those in the US, given that US drugs are generally more expensive than those in other countries.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class. Write a post responding to the professor's question. In your response, you should do the following.
Express and support your opinion.
Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Doctor Diaz:
Today, I'd like to discuss choices people make in terms of where they decide to live. Some people choose to spend their entire lives in one town or city. Others leave their hometowns and might even move several times from one town or city to another. I'd like to get your thoughts on this subject. Do you think it is better to live in one town or city all your life? Why or why not?
Kelly:
Living in one place your whole life is the better option. It allows you to form strong bonds with neighbors and members of your community. You know that if you stay in one place for a long time, you will always have friends you can rely on when you need help.
Andrew:
Moving from one city to another has some advantages. Adapting to different situations is an important skill to have in life, and moving forces a person to develop this skill. Having to make new friends and start over in a new city is a challenging exercise that builds character.
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