11月8日的托福考试结束啦~
同学们考的怎么样呢？
本次考试压力给到写作部分
老托福已接近尾声，同学们抓紧冲刺啦
快来看看本场托福考情回顾吧👇
01、阅读部分
R1
Bird Extinctions on Island
远离大陆的海洋岛屿，特别是小型火山岛，在过去五个世纪记录到最多鸟类灭绝事件。这些岛屿种群基数有限，抗风险能力薄弱。偏远岛屿缺乏本土鸟类捕食者，进化出防御能力缺失的物种，对入侵捕食者极度敏感。早期人类定居岛屿引入捕食者数量较少，本土鸟类获得适应窗口期，灭绝速率相对缓和。加勒比海岛屿临近大陆，本土哺乳动物与蛇类存在，鸟类保留一定防御机制，遭早期人类活动破坏，入侵捕食并非灭绝主因。秧鸡、鹦鹉、鸽子三类鸟类在岛屿环境定殖能力强，灭绝风险最高。秧鸡在无捕食压力环境下进化出无翼特征，丧失逃逸能力，遇入侵天敌时种群迅速崩溃。岛屿鸟类群落构成呈现"非和谐性"，物种组成与大陆存在系统性差异。
R2
British Agriculture
18 至 19 世纪英国农业发生重大变革，核心包括土地围圈、农田合并、技术进步与农场规模扩大。这些举措提升了农业生产效率，推动农村经济发展，为英国增长的人口提供支撑。期间大农场数量逐步增加，但小农场主仍占多数，主要依靠家庭劳动力开展耕作。农业技术革新初期增加了对劳动力的需求，直到 19 世纪下半叶农业机械引入后，农业劳动力数量才出现减少。此次农业变革不仅改变了英国农村景观，还为制造业拓展了广阔市场，助力英国整体经济发展。
R3
Han Dynasty Tomb Sculpture
西汉石雕兴起晚于玉器、青铜制品一千年，初期仅用于皇帝或地方统治者陵墓，凸显墓地重要性。东汉时期，石雕应用更为广泛，核心源于政治思想转变，强调统治者与朝代的合法性，以稳定替代军事力量。当时社会重视公民责任与秩序，倡导稳定、忠诚及对国家的服从，强化了中央权力。教育的重要性吸机构识分子投身国家服务，形成经验丰富的管理层。中产阶级与工匠阶级生活水平提升，孝道观念推动了竞争性陵墓建设，帝王陵墓的奢侈风格被广泛效仿。祭祀仪式发生变化，原在城市或宫殿寺庙举行的祭祀转移至墓地，墓丘南侧需建造祭祀大厅，通往陵墓的 “神道” 两侧设石碑，这一创新从皇帝推广至全国，进而传入韩国、越南，促成石雕多方面扩展。汉代陵墓雕塑留存数量多于其他形式雕塑，公元一世纪后相关应用显著增加，地面有独立雕像与纪念碑，地下石墙墓室有雕刻装饰，棺木、石碑等也改用石头雕刻，布局与装饰协调统一。
R4
Decline of the Large Blue Butterfly in England
R5
Early Metallurgy
早期人类主要掌握金、银、铜等软金属加工技艺。公元前1200年前后，西亚地区率先突破铁金属冶炼难关。铁冶炼依赖铁矿石高温熔融，借助风箱持续供氧强化燃烧，产出含杂质的钢块。后续碳化工艺将铁转化为低碳钢，硬度超越青铜，在工具、兵器、护甲制造领域展现决定性优势。该技术门槛相对较低，熔炉、风箱、锤子、铁砧构成核心设备配置，这种可操作性使技术突破专业壁垒，普通从业者亦能熟练掌握。欧洲铁器时代涌现出大量铁匠铺，形成早期中小制造业态。中国在铁冶炼路径上呈现差异化特征，通过高温高碳铸铁技术成熟实现铁器规模化量产。
R6
Mating Songs of Frogs
声音是青蛙繁殖过程中的核心沟通信号，具备无特定方向接收、远距离传播、绕过大型障碍物的优势，且青蛙与蟾蜍多在夜间繁殖，此时声音定位更便捷，听觉信号比视觉模式更有效。雄性青蛙主要发出求偶叫声，其他雄性可加入合唱响应，也会通过特定声音展示攻击性，雌性通过向声源移动或选择雄性回应，部分物种雌性会鸣叫对唱，而捕食者可能借助叫声定位青蛙。叫声振幅可反映雄性体型、年龄、距离及合唱规模，强烈合唱可能指示适宜繁殖的地点，但振幅对雌性而言是模糊线索，可能混淆远处老雄蛙与近处年轻雄蛙、近距小合唱与远距大合唱。声音频率（音调）随雄性成长降低，受温度影响，小雄蛙可在冷环境中模仿老雄蛙低音调，音调还能体现雄性健康状况，鸣叫需大量能量，树蛙鸣叫是脊椎动物中耗能最高的行为。频率与时间模式具有物种特异性，帮助雌性识别同类，避免杂交后代无法存活。
R7
Effects of Deforestation in Nineteenth-Century North America
R8
Motor Development in Children
随着成长，婴儿逐渐学会通过视觉刺激引导手部动作，抓取方式从最初的尺侧抓取，发展为更精细的钳式抓取。这一能力的发展，既反映婴儿手部和肌肉功能的成熟，也体现其认知技能的提高。约九个月时，婴儿能够坐直，并学会将物体从一只手传递到另一只手。到一岁末，婴儿可运用更协调的钳式抓取，探索和处理更小的物体，或进行特定操作。这一发展过程不仅展现了婴儿在动作和感知方面的进步，也为其后续的认知和社交发展奠定了基础。
R9
水生植物，光合作用
R10
学院兴沙龙演变，传统艺术体制续存
艺术学院自文艺复兴兴起，助力艺术家脱离工匠行会成为独立创作者，17 世纪学院推动艺术中理性逻辑的重视与实践规范。沙龙最初仅对学院成员开放，法国大革命后逐渐向所有艺术家开放，实现艺术审美民主化。19 世纪沙龙展览更开放多样，作品风格题材贴合中产阶级偏好，尽管现代艺术家反叛学院与沙龙体制，但沙龙仍是艺术家获取认可和生计的重要途径，传统艺术体制对艺术发展持续产生影响
02、听力部分
C1
1.学生想秋季去巴黎交换，同时必修的现代美国文学只在秋季开课，夏季班又满员。顾问建议她在巴黎选一门美国文学课，学生同意尝试。
2.学生抱怨洗碗机用detergent后仍留油膜，需手工返工。后勤处员工推荐低泡酶洗剂，并建议先热水预冲，再选短周期，可减少残留。.
L1
1. 音乐史段落概述：十八世纪欧洲乐谱印刷成本骤降，平民可购简谱，公共音乐会兴起，奏鸣曲式从宫廷移至城市剧院，作曲家开始为匿名听众写作，作品结构扩大，强弱记号系统标准化。
2.印刷书保护流程：图书馆用高光谱成像获取ink与paper数据，建数据库；早期印书商听scholars意见，内容艰涩，销量低，后改出实用手册，读者群扩大，馆藏机构借此优先保存大众版本，减少频繁翻阅对folio的损伤。
C2
1. 男生就学校音乐社团的乐谱事宜联系女生，询问乐谱未发送至邮箱的原因。女生表示自己以往会在图书馆查找乐谱，建议男生前往尝试。男生得知女生喜爱唱歌后，邀请其加入该音乐社团。
L2
1. 蝙蝠存在两种群体捕食方式。群体捕食过程中会出现信号干扰与个体相撞的情况。一种蝙蝠可通过聆听其他蝙蝠的 echo 定位猎物，另一种蝙蝠则通过与同类竞争获取食物。echo 是蝙蝠捕食的重要定位依据，不同种类蝙蝠在群体活动中形成了差异化适应策略。
2.多数山脉由板块构造运动形成，该山脉的形成机制与之不同。科学家最初因该山脉腐蚀程度低，推测其形成时间较晚。后续研究证实，冰川作用抑制了该山脉的腐蚀，腐蚀少并非形成时间短的标志，该山脉实际形成年代久远。
3.服务形式分为三类，包括 service relationship、同一公司不同服务人员提供的服务、一次性服务。service relationship 指顾客每次接受服务均由同一人员对接，一次性服务指顾客仅前往公司消费一次。研究人员针对这三类服务形式开展了顾客满意度测试。
C3
1.学生计划参加写作比赛，咨询政治类文章是否可提交。该文章主题为 D.radio 如何忍受强辐射，同时提及这一能力最初源于对干燥环境的适应需求。
2.新闻写作课学生需完成人物传记，希望以天文学教授为写作对象。教授起初误以为学生咨询专业问题，得知来意后同意采访。因当天仅 15 分钟空闲，教授提议周五采访，学生担忧赶不上周四初稿提交时间，教授表示可帮忙联系 Burgess 教授协调，学生致谢。
L3
1.地球科学课教授介绍了气候变化相关现象 Global Dimming，其定义为到达地球表面的阳光量减少。
2. 非洲某古代文明留存有 cave art，画作以动物为核心题材。研究表明，这些 cave art 的创作时期从远及近，对应的动物形象依次为 cow、horse、camel。不同时期的动物图像记录，为还原该文明所处时代的生态环境、动物分布特征及人类生产生活关联提供了直接依据。
C4
1. 校报记者采访campus theater年度员工，对方已在校工作20年，讲述剧场后台调度、学生剧团培训及年度大戏制作流程，提供历年照片与财务数据，采访持续40分钟。
2. 学生就论文主题向教授请教，计划研究当代艺术家作品核心主题，困惑所选艺术家布莱斯・马丁的作品抽象、无具体主题。教授解释其作品主题是对绘画本身的探讨，建议围绕该方向展开，学生表示会深入研究。
L4
1. 创意写作课布置青少年短篇，老师指出儿童文学可激发儿童思考与移情，无字图画书《红书》让孩子自编故事即例；贝弗莉·克里里因童年厌倦说教而写真实生活，作品少修改，提示学生贴近儿童语言并持续写作。
2. 心理学讲座围绕大脑如何解决问题展开。
03、口语部分
TASK 1
（套1）
Some college students choose a course of study that will give them specific professional training, such as teaching or engineering. Others choose a broader course of study, such as philosophy or history that will give them more general knowledge. Which do you think is better?
选择学习技能训练类（teaching）课程还是通识类课程？
（套2）
Your city is considering a proposal to require car owners to pay an additional fee if they drive cars that do not meet environmental standards set by the city for air pollution. Do you think this is a good idea? 是否应该向开车的人收取额外费用？
（套3）
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is a good idea to use educational games in class.
TASK 2
（套1）
阅读：原本计划的田野调查被教授取消，改为前往博物馆开展活动。
听力反驳：
1. 博物馆虽好，但无法替代实地考察的实践价值。
2. 更改计划给已做准备的学生带来不便。
（套2）
阅读：学生事务办公室宣布，从下学年起，凡常年注册人数不足 10 人的“微型社团”将被强制注销，以“精简预算、释放场地、降低管理负担”。
听力反驳：
1. 小社团的运营多依赖成员自愿投入与简易活动安排，整体成本极低，对学校的财务预算几乎不会产生实质影响。
2. 即便部分小社团的存续时间相对较短，但成员们能因共同的兴趣爱好相聚，在互动交流、协作实践中建立起真挚深厚的友谊，这份纯粹的情感联结与共同体验本身就具备独特且珍贵的价值。
TASK 3
（套1）
主题：间接防御（indirect defense）定义：植物在遭受草食动物（herbivore）攻击时，不直接靠自身组织（如刺、厚皮或毒素）驱赶敌人，而是释放挥发性化学信号（volatile organic compounds, VOCs）去“呼叫”草食动物的天敌，借助第三方力量减少自身受害。
例子：烟草叶片被烟草天蛾幼虫（tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta）啃食时，叶片伤口会立即合成并释放大量绿叶挥发物（green-leaf volatiles）和萜烯类（terpenoids）。这些气味在空气中形成特定比例“鸡尾酒”，能吸引一种寄生蜂——天蛾绒茧蜂（Cotesia congregata）。雌蜂循味而来，将卵产在毛虫体内；孵化的幼虫从内部取食毛虫，最终杀死它，使烟草植株得救。
（套2）
主题：概率忽视（probability neglect）定义：人们在面对负面事件时，会过度聚焦事件的“可怕程度”与新闻曝光度，而忽视该事件实际发生的统计概率，从而高估风险并改变行为。
例子：某城市媒体连续报道 7 起自行车事故后，尽管这些个案在全年百万骑行次数中的比例极低，但大量居民因“一想到事故就害怕”而直接把自行车锁进地下室，不再骑行。报道的戏剧化画面放大了“危险性”感受，却冲淡了人们对真实概率的判断，这正是典型的概率忽视。
TASK 4
（套1）
主题：动态定价（Dynamic Pricing）
定义：企业根据实时市场条件，利用算法或人工规则，对同一商品或服务不断调整售价的策略。其核心在于“时间差”和“信息差”：系统把需求、库存、竞争对手价格、天气、节假日等多维数据喂给预测模型，每分钟甚至每秒刷新一次价格，以最大化收入或销量。
例子：
每逢春运、黄金周，热门返乡航班临近起飞时，购票者激增，航空公司系统感知到余座快速减少，便自动抬高票价；越早买或越冷门的时段，价格仍保持平稳，以此用价差引导旅客分流，同时把有限座位优先卖给时间敏感、愿意支付更高溢价的乘客。
（套2）
主题：食叶动物营养补偿策略（Leaf-eater nutrient compensation）
定义：以树叶为主食的动物，为弥补叶片蛋白质低、纤维素高、次生化合物多等营养缺陷，所采取的一系列行为或生理上的调节机制。
例子：
1. 黑猩猩把“午餐”定在正午：中午光照最强，叶片光合作用旺盛，可溶性糖和氨基酸含量达到一天峰值，黑猩猩此时采食能在同量叶子里获得最多可利用营养，减少能量亏损。
2. 树懒吃自己毛里的绿藻：树叶缺蛋白质，树懒便舔食生长在毛发上的藻类。藻细胞富含蛋白质且易消化，相当于“绿色蛋白片”，帮助树懒弥补氨基酸不足，维持低代谢生活。
04、写作部分
综合写作
套1：
The reading claims that "iceberg orcas" and "Alaskan orcas" are distinct groups, supported by three key differences, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes these differences do not prove they are separate.
First, the passage mentions that there are obvious differences in body color between "iceberg orcas" and "Alaskan orcas." In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that the apparent color difference is not inherent. To be more specific, algae may grow on the skin surface of "iceberg orcas," and the presence of these algae makes their appearance darker, creating the illusion of a color difference.
In addition, the author states that "iceberg orcas" are found in areas far from the continent, while Alaskan orcas are active in coastal waters, and orcas themselves do not have the habit of migrating far from land. Conversely, the lecturer argues that orcas can be divided into two types: those that prey on marine mammals and those that prey on fish. According to the listening material, "iceberg orcas" belong to the fish - preying type, and this type of orca will migrate long distances to track fish schools, which explains their different habitats. Thus, the author is heavily challenged by the lecturer again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that the ages of "iceberg orcas" and "Alaskan orcas" are inconsistent, as judged by measuring the size of their dorsal fins. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that the dorsal fin of an orca stops growing after reaching a certain stage and does not continue to grow with age. This means dorsal fin size cannot accurately reflect an orca’s age, so the claimed age difference is unreliable.
套2
The reading claims that the Etruscans originated from Turkey, supported by three lines of evidence, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes these pieces of evidence are unconvincing.
First, the passage mentions that the ancient Greek historian Herodotus clearly recorded in his works that the Etruscans’ place of origin was Turkey. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that Herodotus’ records are not fully reliable. To be more specific, Herodotus once described a type of giant man-eating bug in his works, and this description is extremely absurd, casting doubt on the credibility of his other records including the origin of the Etruscans.
In addition, the author states that the language used by the Etruscans has similarities to a certain ancient language discovered on islands near Turkey. Conversely, the lecturer argues that the Etruscans were skilled in navigation and had the ability to spread culture and language over long distances. According to the listening material, it is more likely that the Etruscans spread their own language to the Turkish region rather than their language originating from Turkey, so the logical basis of the reading’s linguistic evidence is invalid. Thus, the author is heavily challenged by the lecturer again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that a type of cattle once raised by the Etruscans in modern Italy has genetic differences from other Italian cattle breeds but is highly similar to Turkish cattle breeds, supporting the origin claim. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that the Etruscans were also good at conducting trade activities. That genetically unique type of cattle could have been introduced to Italy from Turkey through trade and then raised by the Etruscans, rather than being brought to Italy by them from their hometown.
学术讨论
第一套：
Doctor:Today, we are going to discuss how successful software and tech products are launched and marketed. When companies launch and market these products, early adopters are important. Early adopters are customers who tend to buy the latest products and like to be the first to try out new features and processes. In today's discussion, I would like you to describe at least one advantage or disadvantage of being an early adopter. Please explain why you think this way.
Kelly:One obvious disadvantage is that early adopters probably pay a lot more for brand-new technology. When products first come out, they're often quite expensive, but once they’ve been on the market for a while, the price usually drops. That's why I usually wait to buy new technology.
Andrew:New tech products might not always be more expensive – sometimes the company will give people a new product at a discount in exchange for trying it out and giving feedback on it. In fact, to me, that's the biggest advantage of being an early adopter – your feedback can guide future improvements to a product. That's a powerful feeling.
第二套：
Doctor:Some argue that factories, as major producers of pollution and waste, should be pushed to make dramatic changes in how they operate in order to protect and preserve the environment. Others contend that it is the small, cumulative actions of individuals that lead to the greatest impact, so public awareness and altered societal norms are most critical. I would like you to consider: who do you believe should make more efforts when it comes to environmental protection-factories or individuals?
Kelly:Factories should take the lead on protecting the environment because their impact is massive compared to individuals. For example, a single factory can generate tons of pollution per day, dwarfing what one person produces in a lifetime. Strict regulations and greener technologies for manufacturers would lead to huge reductions in emissions and waste.
Andrew:Individuals should lead on environmental protection because we can drive cultural change. By making green lifestyle choices - reducing energy, taking public transit, minimizing waste - we set an example and normalize sustainability. And by purchasing eco-friendly products and supporting the ethical companies, everyday consumer decisions incentivize businesses to follow suit.
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