说广义替代前，先来说下什么是狭义的替代：就是正确答案和原文之间是比较直白的重复
比如 下面是TOEFL 的一个
阅读题原文
But lo Is not alone. As it orbits, it is constantly pulled by the gravity of its nearest large neighbor, another Galilean moon, Europa. Although Europa’s pull on lo is small, it is sufficient to make lo's orbit slightly noncircular. In a noncircular orbit, the moons speed varies from place to place as it moves in its orbit around Jupiter but its rate of rotation on its axis remains constant. Thus it cannot keep the same face steadily turned toward Jupiter. Instead, as seen from Jupiter, lo turns slightly from side to side as it moves. On the other hand, the large tidal bulge on los surface caused by Jupiters gravity always points directly toward Jupiter, so it moves back and forth across los surface as the moon wobbles. Those conflicting forces result in enormous tidal stresses that continually flex and squeeze lo’s interior.
题目
According to paragraph 4, what is the effect of Europa's gravity on lo?
- It makes lo speed up or slow down during different parts of s orbit
- It causes los rate of rotation on its axis to vary slightly as it moves around its orbit
- It produces a gravitational bulge on lo
- It is too small to significantly influence lo
上面原文的 speed varies from place to place 和答案的 speed upor slow down during different parts of s orbit 就是一个很直接的重复。类似这样的重复就是上面定义的狭义重复。
取反一下，那么广义的重复就是重复的没有那么直接的，比如 科学和科学家的重复 （相关概念重复），或者 水果和苹果的重复 （上下义重复）。而类似SAT/ACT/GRE/GMAT/LSAT 这样的考试里面广义的重复还是蛮多的。
以下以SAT 为例
题目The main purpose of the fifth paragraph (lines 62-69) is to
- describe a character's qualities that endear him to another character.
- illustrate a character's striking resemblance to a family member.
- explain the reason for a character's admiration for his father.
- highlight a turning point in the relationship between two characters.
原文对应 Phaedra liked to look at Christopher, who had the same sloe-eyed gaze as his mother's, an ever-ready smile, and pink lips that made him seem more tender than other boys his age. Now she watched as he stuffed the stocky fingers of his eternally ashy hands into his pockets and surveyed the land below the hill, mimicking the firm stance he'd seen his father take in the pulpit.
答案的地方连原文的人称都没有用了，直接广义为了一个角色，和他，另外原文漫长的描述，广义总结为了qualities 当然SAT 也有狭义重复的，比如
题目 The passage indicates that one of the reasons the Anopheles mosquitoes develop resistance to CRISPR-based gene drives is because of
- the great difference in genetic makeup within a population.
- a few difficulties in identifying the right enzymes to insert.
- similarities between the species' lab and wild environments.
- how ineffective the CRISPR gene is in males of the species.
原文对应
Natural genetic variation is another route to resistance. CRISPR-based gene drives work by recognizing short genetic sequences, and individuals with differences at these sites would be immune to the drive. A recent study analysed the genomes of 765 wild Anopheles mosquitoes from across Africa. The team found extreme genetic diversity, which would limit the list of potential gene-drive targets, the researchers say.
这个difference 和 variation 就是很直接的狭义重复了。
总结
做题的时候或者分析的时候可以多注意下类似的重复，特别是广义对应，可以刻意积累下，一来可以了解下出题特点，二来做题的速度也会快很多。
【竞赛报名/项目咨询请加微信：mollywei007】
