6月28日托福考试已经落下帷幕
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写作套路深
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阅读
R1
Urban Development in the United States in the 19th Century
In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most “planning” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth century American city.
Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, usually associated with having an individual, free-standing home for one’s family, and for rural living. Economics affected urbanization in two ways. First, economic considerations influenced location decisions for business and industry, which often preempted choice sites. Second, industrial growth generated higher incomes for large segments of the population, which in turn provided more money for larger homes and commuter transportation. Related to economics (since costs to individuals always played a role) were improvements in transportation, from the first horse-drawn buses of the 1820s to electrified street railways at the end of the century. Each transport innovation extended the distance that a person could reasonably travel as a commuter or shopper, while constant system improvements and increased ridership lessened costs.
Demographic patterns also affected urbanization in two ways: first, urban populations grew steadily throughout the century due to immigration from rural areas, principally by those seeking factory work, and emigration from abroad. Therefore cities expanded as new housing had to be provided. Secondly, at the same time that new residents were surging into cities, many urbanites, particularly those of the middle classes, began to leave. While a preference for rural living explained part of this exodus, it was also due to the perception that various urban problems were becoming worse.
Many nineteenth-century urban problems were those that continue to plague cities today—crime, pollution, noise—but others were the direct result of lack of planning and regulation, such as threat of fire, poor sanitation, and shoddy building construction. Fire was a significant problem in urban areas of North America from the time of the first European settlement. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present. Lack of sanitation, and the ensuing public health problems it created, was a more constant, if less dramatic, urban issue it was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal. In spite of remarkable strides made in the 1870s and 1880s by the newly established profession of sanitary engineering, the common nineteenth-century pattern of individual unprofessionally planned and installed cesspools (underground tanks for holding household sewage) continued. This led to water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects.
Problems of the fire and poor sanitation were inextricably linked with the last major urban problem of the nineteenth century—lack of coordination in the physical expansion of cities and their infrastructure systems (systems for providing services such as water, gas, electricity, and sewage). Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Distortions of streets and abrupt changes in the distance of houses from the street in urban areas, which so clearly delineate where one development ended and another began, were just the most obvious problems that this lack of coordination created.
R2
Origin of the Solar System
The orderly nature of our solar system leads most astronomers to conclude that the planets formed at essentially the same time and from the same primordial (original) material as the Sun. This material formed a vast cloud of dust and gases called a nebula. The nebular hypothesis suggests that all bodies of the solar system formed from an enormous nebular cloud consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium as well as a small percent of all the other heavier elements known to exist. The heavier substances in this frigid cloud of dust and gases consisted mostly of such elements as silicon, aluminum, iron, and calcium—the substances of today’s common Rocky materials. Also prevalent were other familiar elements, including oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.
Nearly five billion years ago, some external influence, such as a shock wave traveling from a catastrophic explosion (supernova), may have triggered the collapse of this huge cloud of gases and minute grains of heavier elements, causing the cloud to begin to slowly contract due to the gravitational interactions among its particles. As this slowly spiraling nebula contracted, it rotated faster and faster for the same reason ice-skaters do when they draw their arms toward their bodies. Eventually, the inward pull of gravity came into balance with the outward force caused by the rotational motion of the nebula. By this time the once vast cloud had assumed a flat disk shape with a large concentration of material at its center, called the protosun (pre-Sun). Astronomers are fairly confident that the nebular cloud formed a disk because similar structures have been detected around other stars.
During the collapse, gravitational energy was converted to thermal energy (heat), causing the temperature of the inner portion of the nebula to dramatically rise. At such high temperatures, the dust grains broke up into molecules and energized atomic particles. However, at distances beyond the orbit of Mars, the temperatures probably remained quite low. At -200°C, the tiny particles in the outer portion of the nebula were likely covered with a thick layer of ices made of frozen water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. Some of this material still resides in the outermost reaches of the solar system in a region called the Oort cloud.
The formation of the Sun marked the end of the period of contraction and thus the end of gravitational heating. Temperatures in the region where the inner planets now reside began to decline. The decrease in temperature caused those substances with high melting points to condense into tiny particles that began to coalesce (join together). Such materials as iron and nickel and the elements of which the Rock-forming minerals are composed—silicon, calcium, sodium, and so forth—formed metallic and Rocky clumps that orbited the Sun. Repeated collisions caused these masses to coalesce into larger asteroid-size bodies, called protoplanets, which in a few tens of millions of years accumulated into the four inner planets we call Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Not all of these clumps of matter were incorporated into the protoplanets. Rocky and metallic pieces that still remain in orbit are called meteoroids.
As more and more material was swept up by the inner planets, the high-velocity impact of nebular debris caused the temperatures of these bodies to rise. Because of their relatively high temperatures and weak gravitational fields, the inner planets were unable to accumulate much of the lighter components of the nebular cloud. The lightest of these, hydrogen and helium, were eventually whisked from the inner solar system by the solar winds.
At the same time that the inner planets were forming, the larger, outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), along with their extensive satellite systems, were also developing. Because of low temperatures far from the Sun, the material from which these planets formed contained a high percentage of ices—water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane—as well as Rocky and metallic debris. The accumulation of ices partly accounts for the large sizes and low densities of the outer planets. The two most massive planets, Jupiter and Saturn, had surface gravities sufficient to attract and hold large quantities of even the lightest elements—hydrogen and helium.
R3
鹿科动物的饮食偏好
Many species in the deer family, particularly white-tailed deer and moose in North America and red deer in Europe, browse(feed on) immature trees such as seedlings and saplings and in so doing curtail the regeneration of trees. In Scotland high numbers of red deer pose a particular problem for the regeneration of Scots pine forests, some of which have not seen substantial regeneration for 300 years. Many smaller mammals, including mice, squirrels, voles (small, mouse-like animals), and rabbits, also regularly eat tree seeds and seedlings, sufficient to alter the course of woodland development.
These animals have a preference for particular tree species and can therefore potentially change woodland composition and future development. Moreover, some tree species can tolerate repeated browsing, but others cannot. Many broad-leaved tree saplings, for example, will readily resprout if the leading stem is browsed, but conifers(trees with needlelike leaves) generally lack this ability. This is significant in northern zones, where voles more than make up for the comparative absence of large animals. In northern Europe, vole outbreaks occur on a three- to four- year cycle (and somewhat more irregularly in North America), during which populations multiply several hundredfold. As voracious feeders, they rapidly consume their preferred plant roots and bulbs and then switch to seedlings of pines, spruces, and other conifers. This can have substantial economic impact for commercial forestry, and in Finland alone the cost of seedling losses to voles has been estimated at €20 million during such outbreaks.
Browsing mammals feed on trees, leaves, and shoots and consequently suppress tree growth. Conversely, grazers feed on grasses and can enhance tree establishment. This is most obviously played out in the African plains. By suppressing trees in African dry forests, elephants, giraffes, and other large browsers facilitate the spread and growth of grasses. This creates a substantial fuel load (amount of burnable material), and the resulting intense fires reduce woody vegetation further and prevent tree regeneration. Grazers such as zebras and wildebeests reverse this process by cropping the grasses, which reduces fire intensity. Trees reestablish, and the resulting forest shade suppresses the grasses. The change of African savannas from woodland to grassland and back again is therefore maintained by different kinds of herbivores(plant eaters).
Yet it is predators that have the key role in triggering the change from woodlands to grasslands and back. Trees provide predators with cover within which they can stalk and ambush herbivores. Herbivores therefore exist within a "landscape of fear"in which they avoid wooded areas in favor of more open grasslands where they can more easily spot predators. The concentration of grazing herbivores in grasslands is therefore brought about by predators, and this serves as the main driver of conversion to woodland. Elephants, by contrast, are more or less immune to predators on account of their bulk and have no aversion to wooded areas. As large browsers they feed on leaves, breaking branches and even knocking over trees to get to them, thereby initiating a return to grassland.
No matter the destruction done by mammalian herbivores, it pales into insignificance compared to that caused by insects. Since 1990 some 30 billion conifers from Alaska to Mexico have been killed by tiny bark beetles. Individually, bark beetles are smaller than a grain of rice, but when conditions are right, their populations explode in epidemics that can last a decade or more. In recent decades a few bark beetle species, such as the mountain pine beetle in North America and the European spruce bark beetle, have been particularly destructive of coniferous forests. The increased incidence of summer droughts in these regions has rendered many trees vulnerable to attack, while milder winters have facilitated the growth of bark beetle populations. Healthy trees defend themselves by drowning the tiny pine beetles in resin, a sticky substance produced by some trees. Female beetles therefore target vulnerable drought-stressed trees, and once located they release a pheromone (chemical signal) to attract other beetles. The tree responds with sticky resin and poisonous gases, but sheer force of numbers eventually overcomes a tree's defenses. The beetles, which might now number several thousand, lay their eggs under the bark, and the larvae (young) feed on the living tissue, which ultimately kills the trees.
听力
C1
学生组织activity
L1
讲座围绕一幅名为“科比肖像画”的作品展开，部分学者认为该作品可能是威廉·莎士比亚生前的真实肖像。画作的木板和油画颜料具有16世纪晚期文艺复兴时期的特点，创作时间大约为1610年，彼时莎士比亚46岁。画作的拥有者是莎士比亚的支持者、南安普敦伯爵的直系后裔，这为肖像画的真实性增添了一定依据。不过，也有学者对该画作的真实性提出质疑，一方面，莎士比亚作为剧作家，按常理不太可能穿着画中如此华丽的衣服，因为当时的法律对服装等级有严格规定，尽管1610年服装法令有所放宽，但莎士比亚穿着该衣服参加特殊场合的可能性仍存争议；另一方面，画中男子看起来比46岁的莎士比亚年轻，考虑到当时的生活条件，莎士比亚本应更显苍老。此外，一位艺术历史学家提出不同观点，她认为这幅画更可能是托马斯·欧弗伯里的肖像，因为南安普敦伯爵除了支持莎士比亚外，也支持过欧弗伯里，且已知的欧弗伯里肖像与这幅画在年龄、面部特征、服装以及耳朵形状等方面高度相似。
L2
诗歌创作：诗人采用手写而非印刷的方式进行诗歌创作，其原因主要有两个方面。一是社会制度的影响，在当时的社会背景下，手写诗歌更符合社会文化传统和规范，能够体现诗人的文化素养和艺术追求。二是为了交流思想，手写诗歌便于诗人与他人进行思想交流，通过手写的独特性和个人风格，诗人可以更直接地表达自己的观点和情感，与读者进行更深入的互动，促进思想的碰撞和传播。
L3
动物的颜色：动物的颜色形成与纳米结构密切相关。动物身体内部的纳米结构能够反射、折射和散射光线，从而产生各种颜色效果。例如，蝴蝶翅膀上的颜色就是由其翅膀表面的纳米结构所决定的，这些纳米结构的排列和组合方式使得蝴蝶翅膀呈现出独特的色彩和光泽。研究动物的纳米结构有助于深入了解动物颜色的形成机制，以及这些颜色在动物生存、繁殖和进化过程中的重要作用。
L4
某个文明civilization衰退的原因，指出干旱是导致该文明衰落的关键因素。
L5
塑料分解危害
L6
板块迁移
L7
猛犸象灭绝原因
口语
TASK 1 独立口语题
第一套
Some people think that schools should assign projects and other work for students to complete over vacation, before the beginning of the school year. Others think that schoolwork should only be assigned during the actual academic year. Which opinion do you agree with?
第二套
Some university programs, such as those in international business or foreign languages, require students to study abroad in another country for at least one semester. Do you agree with this policy?
第三套
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It's important to be always on time?
TASK 2 校园题
第一套
🔻阅读：
学生的提议或学校提出的政策：在学校内建造一个新的咖啡馆。
🔻听力：
1.同意建造新的咖啡馆。一方面，学校内缺乏休闲场所，新的咖啡馆可以为学生和教职工提供一个放松和交流的空间，有助于缓解学习和工作的压力。另一方面，新的咖啡馆可以增加学校的商业收入，用于改善学校的其他设施和服务。
2.反对建造新的咖啡馆。学校位于城市中，本身绿地就很少，建造咖啡馆可能会破坏现有的环境，减少绿色空间。此外，学校周边已经有其他咖啡店，那里的咖啡品质更好，学生和教职工可以选择去那些地方，没有必要在学校内再建一个咖啡馆。
第二套
🔻阅读：
学生的提议或学校提出的政策：在学校科学教室旁边建造一个临时小卖部。
🔻听力：
同意：方便师生购买学习用品和食品。科学教室通常用于长时间的实验和学习，学生和教师可能会需要一些小零食或饮料来补充能量，或者购买一些实验所需的小工具和学习用品。临时小卖部的存在可以满足这些即时需求，无需师生离开教学区域去远处寻找购买地点，节省时间和精力。
反对：可能会影响教学环境。小卖部的运营可能会带来噪音和人员流动，干扰科学教室的教学活动。学生可能会因为小卖部的存在而分散注意力，影响学习效果。此外，如果小卖部的管理不善，可能会导致教室周围环境杂乱，影响学校的整体形象。
第三套
🔻阅读：
学生的提议或学校提出的政策：在学生宿舍内安装厨房设施。
🔻听力：
同意的理由：方便学生生活，节省时间和成本。学生可以在宿舍内自行烹饪食物，无需外出就餐，尤其对于一些有特殊饮食需求或经济考虑的学生来说，这是一个非常实用的设施。例如，素食主义者或有食物过敏的学生可以更好地控制自己的饮食，确保健康和安全。
反对的理由：安全隐患。厨房设施的使用可能会带来火灾等安全隐患。如果学生不熟悉厨房设备的正确使用方法，或者在无人监管的情况下使用厨房，可能会导致意外事故的发生。学校需要投入额外的资源来确保厨房的安全使用，包括安装消防设施和进行安全培训。
TASK 3 学术讲座题
第一套
主题：动物幼崽
定义：这篇文章详细解释了动物幼崽的一种生存策略，即让成年动物为其寻找食物，而不是与成年动物竞争食物资源。这种策略在动物界中很常见，因为幼崽通常体型较小，力量较弱，无法与成年动物在食物获取上进行有效竞争。通过依赖成年动物寻找食物，幼崽能够获得足够的营养，从而更好地成长和发育。
例子：文章中举了猫（cats）作为例子。在猫科动物中，幼崽通常会依赖母猫来获取食物。母猫会外出捕猎，带回食物给幼崽。这种行为不仅确保了幼崽能够获得足够的营养，还避免了幼崽与母猫之间的直接竞争。随着幼崽逐渐长大，它们会开始学习捕猎技巧，逐渐独立寻找食物。在这个过程中，母猫的指导和帮助对幼崽的成长至关重要。
第二套
主题：虫瘿诱导（gall induction）
定义：
“虫瘿”是一种由昆虫诱导植物形成的异常生长结构。昆虫通过分泌特定的化学物质，刺激植物组织，使其在昆虫周围形成一个特殊的结构，这个结构通常是一个小球状或瘤状的物体。
例子：以黄蜂为例，它们将卵产在橡树树皮下，幼虫孵化后分泌化学物质，促使橡树在幼虫周围形成一个苹果大小的小球（虫瘿）。幼虫在虫瘿内生活，躲避天敌和高温，同时以橡树的树干为食。当黄蜂成熟后，会钻出虫瘿飞走，而这个过程对橡树本身并没有太大的影响。
第三套
主题：自然后果（Natural Consequences）
定义：这篇文章讨论了“自然后果”这一教育概念。自然后果是指当一个人的行为导致某种结果时，这种结果自然地发生，而不是由他人强加的。通过经历自然后果，个体可以从中学习并调整自己的行为。
例子：文章中提到一个例子，一个小女孩经常把玩具落在外面，不会主动捡回来。她的教授（可能是老师或家长）最初会帮她捡回来，但后来决定不再帮她捡。结果，有一次玩具被雨淋坏掉了。通过这个自然后果，小女孩意识到如果不把玩具捡回来，玩具可能会损坏。她从中学会了要对自己的物品负责，养成了主动捡回玩具的习惯。
TASK 4 学术讲座题
第一套
主题：人际智能（interpersonal intelligence）
定义：这篇文章详细解释了人际智能对于成为一个更好的领导者的重要性。人际智能是指一个人理解和与他人有效互动的能力，这种能力在领导角色中尤为重要。文章中提到了两个具体的例子来说明人际智能如何帮助领导者更好地履行职责。
例子：
1.更好的组织能力：具备高人际智能的领导者能够更好地理解团队成员的需求和能力，从而更有效地组织团队。他们能够合理分配任务，确保每个成员都能在适合自己的岗位上发挥最大潜力。例如，一个善于人际交往的领导者可以通过与团队成员的沟通，了解他们的专长和兴趣，然后根据这些信息来安排工作，提高团队的整体效率。
2.更好的沟通能力：人际智能还包括出色的沟通能力。一个能够有效沟通的领导者可以更好地传达信息，减少误解和冲突。他们能够倾听团队成员的意见和建议，建立信任和尊重的团队文化。例如，一个领导者通过定期的团队会议和一对一的交流，确保每个成员都清楚团队的目标和自己的职责，从而提高团队的凝聚力和执行力。
第二套
主题：非线性叙事（non-linear narration）
定义：
非线性叙事是一种不按照时间顺序来讲述故事的叙事方式。它打破了传统叙事中时间的线性结构，通过在故事的不同时间点之间跳跃，来呈现情节和人物的发展。
例子：
1.线性叙事例子：英国作家的小说记录了他的一生，从出生到艰难的童年，再到克服挫折，逐渐成熟的过程。这种叙事方式让读者能够清晰地了解作者一生的经历，按照时间顺序感受他的成长和变化。
2.非线性叙事例子：在一部科幻小说中，故事首先呈现女主角乘坐火箭离开地球的情节，然后又回溯到她在地球上的生活。这种叙事方式打破了时间顺序，让读者在阅读过程中产生疑问，如女主角为何要逃离地球，从而增加了故事的吸引力和可读性。
第三套
主题：不繁殖（Non-reproduction）
定义：
这篇文章讨论了“不繁殖”这一现象对鲸鱼种群的积极影响。不繁殖是指某些鲸鱼个体选择不进行繁殖，这种现象在鲸鱼种群中并不罕见，且对整个种群的健康和生存有着重要的意义。
例子：文章中提到，不繁殖的鲸鱼个体对整个种群的健康和生存有着积极的影响。例如，一些年长的鲸鱼虽然不再繁殖，但它们在种群中扮演着重要的角色。它们通过分享经验和知识，帮助年轻的鲸鱼学习捕食技巧和迁徙路线。这些经验对于年轻鲸鱼的生存和成长至关重要，有助于提高整个种群的适应能力和生存率。
写作
第一套
综合写作
Bird feeders are devices that people use to feed birds. The reading claims that bird feeders have several negative impacts, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes that the impacts of bird feeders are not as severe as the reading suggests.
First, the passage mentions that bird feeders may accelerate the spread of diseases among birds, especially the eye disease of house finches, because bird feeders attract a large number of birds to gather, increasing the risk of disease transmission. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that natural factors are more important in the spread of bird diseases. To be more specific, birds also encounter other groups in the natural environment, and the spread of diseases is inevitable. Bird feeders only provide a gathering place and are not the sole cause of disease spread.
In addition, the author states that bird feeders may attract predators, increasing the risk of birds being preyed upon. Moreover, birds may strike windows while looking for food, resulting in casualties. Conversely, the lecturer argues that bird feeders can provide necessary nutrients for birds, which helps the growth and development of young birds, making them stronger and more capable of reproduction, thus increasing the bird population. According to the listening material, although some birds may die due to predators or window strikes, the number of these birds is far less than the number of birds that survive and reproduce because of bird feeders.
Last but not least, the article suggests that bird feeders may delay the normal migration time of birds, as birds rely on bird feeders for food and may postpone their migration, affecting their survival and reproduction. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that the migration time of birds is mainly determined by the length of daylight. Birds can sense the shortening of the day and start migrating. Bird feeders only provide extra nutrients for those birds that are detained for other reasons, helping them get through difficult times rather than delaying their migration.
学术讨论
Doctor Gupta
We have been discussing how technology has fueled an expansion in the availability of information, including the news. Some traditional news sources have a reputation for being fact-based and for presenting multiple views. However, other news sources including some blogs and social media, may present partial, or even inaccurate information. What is the best way to determine whether a news source is accurate and reliable or not? Why?
Paul
The best way to protect consumers of news from misinformation is through education. In our school, for example, there was a class about evaluating media sources. By constantly questioning journalists' points of view and by considering a variety of sources, we developed a more critical eye and can now better avoid falling victim to propaganda and fake news.
Andrew
I don't think it's always possible to know for sure whether news is reliable or not. That's why l try to get most of my news from well-known sources that trust. Those sources may not always have the most up-to-date information, but it is good to know that their reporters have fact-checked the information before they shared it.
第二套
综合写作
Both the reading and the listening material talk about IVR surveys. The reading claims that IVR surveys have superiority in honesty, reliability, and objectivity compared to traditional phone surveys, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes the opposite.
First, the passage mentions that people tend to be more honest during IVR surveys because there is no face - to - face interaction with real people, sparing them from social pressure and judgment. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that people are not truly honest in IVR surveys. To be more specific, when questioned about sensitive topics such as income, respondents tend to provide ambiguous answers, knowing that real individuals will review the data later.
In addition, the author states that IVR surveys are more reliable as they can reach a broader audience without time and space constraints, rapidly collecting a large amount of data. Conversely, the lecturer argues that IVR surveys are unreliable. Since respondents can terminate the survey at any time, much of the collected data is incomplete. According to the listening material, traditional surveys allow interviewers to guide respondents to complete the whole process, ensuring more comprehensive data.
Last but not least, the article suggests that IVR surveys can avoid the influence of voice factors as they use pre - recorded machine voices, eliminating potential interference from interviewers' personal elements. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that IVR systems fail to solve the voice - factor problem. Different people have varying interpretations and reactions to the same machine voice, which still impacts the objectivity of survey results.
学术讨论
Doctor-Achebe
We've discussed methods teachers employ to make their course content more engaging for high school students. One possible method is using class time to discuss the ideas students learned in a lecture or assigned reading. While some believe that having students discuss the material with classmates is beneficial, others consider it a waste of class time. What do you think is the most important consideration for teachers when deciding whether to include opportunities for group discussion during class? Why?
Claire
I think class size is a key factor when deciding whether to include group discussions. In smaller classes, it's easier for students to share ideas and actually hear each other. But in larger classes, discussions can get chaotic or leave some students out. If the setting isn't right, group work might end up wasting time instead of helping.
Paul
The difficulty of the course should be a big factor in deciding whether to include group discussions. If the material is especially complex, talking it through with classmates can help students better understand it. For example, in my physics class, our group discussions often helped me: see things from different angles and made tough concepts more manageable.
第三套
综合写作
Both the reading and the listening talk about whether the meteorites in the Sahara Desert come from Mercury. The reading claims that the meteorites found in the Sahara Desert are likely from Mercury for three reasons, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes there is insufficient evidence to support this view.
First, the passage mentions that the meteorites in the Sahara Desert have a very light color, which matches the color of the surface rocks on Mercury. It argues that due to Mercury's unique geological composition and long - term space weathering, its surface shows a light color, so judging from the color, these meteorites are probably fragments from Mercury. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that other celestial bodies also have this color characteristic. To be more specific, many other celestial bodies in the universe, due to their own rock compositions and environmental conditions, can also present similar colors. Thus, the color alone cannot confirm that the meteorites are from Mercury.
In addition, the author states that the meteorites have very low magnetic force, which is consistent with the magnetic properties of Mercury. It posits that since Mercury has a relatively weak magnetic field, its rocks have retained this low - magnetic - force characteristic during formation and in the long - term space environment. Conversely, the lecturer points out that the meteorites contain a special chemical component that rarely appears on Mercury. According to the listening material, if the meteorites were truly fragments of Mercury, their chemical compositions should be more similar to those of Mercury's rocks, rather than containing such a special component rarely seen on Mercury, thus casting doubt on the origin of the meteorites.
Last but not least, the article suggests that the speed generated by the collision between Mercury and other planets is enough to make the fragments reach the Earth. It argues that the huge energy and speed from such collisions enable the fragments to overcome various resistances and gravitational forces in space and finally reach the Earth's surface. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that the speed at which the meteorites are ejected is so high that it would generate a great deal of heat, which should cause new substances to appear on the surface of the meteorites and change their original chemical and physical properties. In fact, these new substances have not been found, indicating that the meteorites did not experience the high temperatures required for such changes during the ejection process, so the meteorites may not be from Mercury.
学术讨论
Doctor-Diaz
Today, we're looking at the challenges working parents face in balancing their professional responsibilities with childcare. As more families rely on dual incomes parents often struggle to find enough time and energy to care for their children effectively. This issue raises questions about work-life balance, flexible job options and support systems. what do you think is the best way for working parents to ensure they can care for their children effectively? Why?
Paul
I think flexible work hours are the best solution. My cousin, for example, shifted to a remote job so he could help his daughter with schoolwork during the day. Having control over his schedule allowed him to be present without sacrificing his job performance.
Claire
I believe the key is strong support systems, like grandparents or trusted daycare centers. My mom was a nurse with long shifts, and we relied on my aunt to help. Without that network, it would've been impossible for her to manage both work and parenting.
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