辩论，是什么？
对于这个问题
完全没有接触过辩论的人可能会说
“就是吵架，看谁能吵赢谁”
如果一定要说它是“吵架”的话
那么可以把它看作是一场
有章法、有规则、有礼貌的“吵架”
双方各执一词，你来我往
即使上场前还是好朋友
也能在赛场上“吵”得水深火热、不可开交
可是裁判们可不是随意“看热闹”的群体
他们需要理清两方论点论据
根据多个判定要素
来决定这场比赛的赢家
那么，要“吵”赢这场“架”
应该怎么做呢？
如果对方论点无懈可击
我方该如何反驳回去呢？
今天我们就为大家带来
干货课堂 · JWSD篇
为你拆解JWSD辩论中的反驳技术
让你不仅能够抵御对方的攻击
还能将对手的论点转化为你的优势！
对于任何辩手而言，最重要的技能之一，便是懂得如何回应对手的论点。本文将教你如何反驳对手的case，并在比赛中表现出色。
One of the most important skills of any debater is knowing how to respond to enemy arguments. This article will teach you to rebut the case of your opponents and perform well in a tournament setting.
任何反驳的第一步都是记录下对方的论点。我们称这项技能为“记录”或“追踪”。
The first step of any rebuttal is to write down enemy points. We call this skill “tracking” or “flowing”.
请记住，你不必记下发言中听到的每一个字。辩手语速通常很快——想要记下每个词是不可能的。因此，正确的方法是记下最相关的要点。
Bear in mind that you should not write down everything you hear in a speech. Debaters speak very quickly – it is impossible to track every single word. Therefore, the correct approach is to jot down the most relevant ideas.
你不需要写下完整的句子；相反，你可以用符号笔记来概括内容。要持续追踪对方队伍提出的最强有力、最具说服力的论点。只有这样，你才能开始进攻！
Youdo not need to write full sentences; instead, you can use bullet notes to summarize the content. Keep track of the strongest and most convincing arguments the opposing team delivers. Only then can you begin the offensive!
反驳可以针对对方case的多个层面进行。最直接的攻击目标，是论点的机制（即逻辑）。你可以通过论证“对方的逻辑为何不成立”来实现攻击。
Rebuttal can target multiple elements of the enemy case. The most direct thing you can attack is the mechanism of the argument. You do so by demonstrating why the logic of the argument does not work.
或者，你可以提供反向机制——即你自己提出的、说明其论点不成立的理由。
Alternatively, you can provide counter mechanisms – reasons of your own for why their argument is not true.
另一种截然不同的攻击方式，是攻击其影响。你可以承认论点本身属实，但随后质疑其影响是否可取。初学者常常认为应该反驳每一个逻辑机制，但有时接受对方的前提可以开辟新的进攻路线，并带来意想不到的影响。
An entirely different way to attack an argument isto attack its impact. You can concede that the argument is true, but then disagree on whether the impact of the argument is desirable. Beginners often assume that they should rebut every mechanism, but sometimes accepting an enemy premise can open up new lines of offense and unlock unexpected impacts.
最后，请记住，你始终可以通过“权衡”来将你的论点置于对手之上——即使你未能成功反驳它们。
Finally, remember that you can always use “weighing” to position your arguments over those of the opponent – even if you fail at rebutting them.
反驳分为三个不同的层次。最简单但最弱的一种称为“削弱”。它降低了对手论点的力度，但并未完全击败它。
There are three different levels of mechanistic rebuttal. The easiest, but the weakest, type of rebuttal is called “mitigation”. It reduces the strength of the opponent’s argument, but doesn’t fully defeat it.
例如，在关于剑术危险的论点中，如果用“可以穿戴盔甲”来反驳，这削弱了该论点，但并未完全驳倒它。
For example, saying that you can wear armor in a swordfight weakens the argument that sword fighting is dangerous, but does not disprove it.
第二个层次是击败对手论点的核心逻辑。这种反驳类型没有特殊名称，因为它是最纯粹的反驳形式。
The second level is when you defeat the core logic of the enemy argument. There is no special name for this rebuttal type as it is rebuttal in its purest form.
最强但最难的一种反驳类型称为“翻转”。是指你证明了对手所说情况的反面才是真实的。
The strongest, but most difficult, rebuttal type is called “the flip”. It is when you prove that the opposite of what the enemy is saying is true.
翻转是最有用的反驳类型，因为它还能为你方的案例增添积极的影响。你不仅证明了对方是错误的，还能将其论点中的益处据为己有。
Flips are the most useful rebuttal type because they also add a positive impact to your case. Not only do you prove that the enemy team is incorrect, but you also get to claim their benefits.
我最后的建议是：不要恐慌。即使对方的论点看起来无懈可击，也不要被吓倒。通向胜利的道路总是存在的。
The final piece of advice I have is to not panic. Even if the enemy argument seems flawless, do not be intimidated. A path to victory can always be found.
辩论更像是一门艺术而非一门精确科学，取胜的方法多种多样。制定最佳策略可能需要出人意料的转折。在某些回合中，你将通过直接反驳对方的逻辑机制获胜。在另一些回合中，你将简单地用你自己的论点去权衡并压倒他们的论点。
Debating is more of an art than a science, and there are numerous ways to win. Devising an optimal strategy can take unexpected turns. In some rounds, you will win by directly rebutting the enemy mechanisms. In others, you will simply outweigh their arguments with your own points.
重要的是要始终从整体上思考整场辩论，而不是只执着于某一个具体的交锋。一场辩论是在多条战线上进行的战争。一位优秀的战略家知道哪些战斗应该打，哪些应该避免。
The important thing is to always think about the debate as a whole, instead of fixating on one particular clash. A debate is a war on multiple fronts. A good strategist knows which battles should be fought and which ones should be avoided.
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