你还在为CAIE经济12分题失分而苦恼吗？“老师，我明明写了定义、画了图，为什么还是只有7分？”“我分析了两个点，但不知道怎么写evaluation…”每一位学CAIE经济的同学，都会经历12分essay的“魔咒”时刻——写得很多，却得分很少。概念堆积在一起没分析、分析有了没评价、没有结构感……这些都是拿不到高分的原因！
CAIE 12分题的“真面目”到底是什么CAIE AS 12分题一般以assess whether…, assess the effectiveness…开头，考察学生是否可以正反2个角度或以不同主体的角度分析经济理论的原因or影响等。
注意12分题目AO3 Evaluation比重会比8分题有所提升(3+1)，题目中如果出现always，best等绝对词汇，可以作为evaluation的辩证切入，形成一篇完整的文章。
CAIE AS阶段的文章的虽然篇幅不长，却涵盖AO1（知识）+ AO2（分析）+ AO3（评价）三大考点；一不留神就会导致“东拉西扯”或者“只有概念没分析”的问题。
我们首先来看一下这三个assessment objectives对应的内容：
| AO | 名称 | 含义 |
| AO1 | Knowledge & Understanding | 文章的开头部分: 解释题目中所涉及的所有能用到的的定义、例子、图像、公式。注意一定要写对，基础不能错！ |
| AO2 | Analysis | 文章的主体部分，根据题目的要求进行分析解释，可以结合图像和例子，但要看清题目问的是什么（原因 or 影响 or方法），一般写2-3个。注意理论要写正确！ |
| AO3 | Evaluation | 文章的总结部分: 要体现辩证思考的能力，展示出理论分析存在的假设或其他局限性；以及本文的结论会根据哪些general evaluation进行变化(主观性判断); 最后基于整篇文章，给出总结，一定要写结论! |
注意12分评分标准：AO1+AO2共8分，AO3占4分，抓住结构，分数自然往上涨！
12分题写作万能结构
1、Introduction：重写题目关键词，解释关键词，简短点题开启后续的analysis。
2、正方分析段-4分：用图＋例子，解释“为什么这种政策有效”。
注意：在分析过程中，我们可以用PEEL结构Point:给出观点，写出总起句。
Explanation：理论解释，结合经济模型如D&S diagram, externality diagram。
Example：举例子，结合具体市场或国家分析。
Link：点题，继续强调总起句的观点。
3、反方分析段-4分：站在另一个角度，解释“为什么可能无效或有副作用”。
4、Evaluation-3分：至少给出两点general evaluation，常见角度：
▶️哪种更优？
▶️effectiveness依赖哪些条件？
▶️是否存在替代或补充政策？
▶️时间框架short run vs long run
▶️规模magnitude5、Conclusion总结部分-1分如果题目没有明确观点的，总结优劣观点，评价影响取决于哪些因素以及程度(extent);如果题目明确观点或者是绝对词'always’等，需要否定绝对词。
真题演练：掌握结构，实战模拟！
1. Introduction(2 sentences)Define key terms and state judgement.Amaximum price(price ceiling) is a legal cap set below equilibrium price to force affordability, while transfer payments (e.g., food stamps) provide targeted subsidies to low-income households. Though both aim to enhance food access, transfer payments are assessed as more effective due to superior targeting and avoidance of market distortion.2. Body Paragraph 1: Advantages and disadvantages of Maximum Price Policy2.1 Advantages of Maximum Price Policy
● Point (Advantage):A maximum price cap directly lowers the sticker price of essential food, making it more affordable in the short term.
● Diagram:Government sets Pmax < equilibrium price (P)→Price falls from P to Pmax. Consumers pay less for the same good.
● Explanation& Example:Increases immediate purchasing power for low-income householdsand helps address affordability by reducing the price.For example, rice is an essential product …
● Link:Short-term affordability is improved—but only in terms of price, not guaranteed access.2.2 Disadvantages of Maximum Price Policy
● Point (Disadvantage):Maximum prices create shortages and unintended consequences that may harm the poor.
● Diagram:At Pmax, quantity demanded (Q2) > quantity supplied (Q1)→shortage = Q2−Q1. Outcomes: queues, panic buying. Black markets may emerge, with goods sold illegally above Pmax.
● Explanation:Low-income consumers may still fail to access food, despite being able to afford it. Black markets worsen shortages by reducing legal supply (producers chase higher profits).
● Link:These side effects undermine the goal of affordable and accessible food, especially for vulnerable households.3. Body Paragraph 2: Transfer Payments (e.g., Food Coupons)3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Transfer Payments
● Point (Advantage):Transfer payments increase low-income households’purchasing power without distorting market prices.
● Example:The government checks family income to find low-income households and gives them food vouchers. These vouchers can be used to buy food in certain supermarkets.
● Explanation:Targeting avoids helping the rich.Since prices stay at equilibrium, no shortages occur.Ensures both affordability and availability.● Link:A more effective tool for supporting the poor, with fewer negative market effects.3.2 Disadvantages of Transfer Payments
● Point (Disadvantage):Transfer payments impose fiscal and administrative burdens.
● Example& Explanation:High government costs during inflationary periodsso there might be an increase in rate rates.There is a risk that people pretend to be poor or try to sell the food vouchers for cash, which reduceseffectiveness and increases admin costs.
● Link:Though costly, these challenges can bedealt properly, and do not outweigh the benefits of targeted support.4. Evaluation:Use 2 criteria to weigh effectiveness:
● Accessibility of FoodAffordable food is meaningless if unavailable→transferpayment couldguarantee shelf availabilityto a greater extent.Max Price fails (shortages & black markets block access).Transfers payment succeeds (no market interference→stable supply).
● Targeting EfficiencyResources are finite; transfers prevent wasteful spending on non-needy groups.Max Price: Inefficient (mightsubsidiseall buyers, including the wealthy).Transfers: Efficient (benefits only verified low-income households).5. ConclusionTransfer payments are more effective than maximum pricesto make essential food more affordable. Maximum prices can cause shortages, making it hard for poor families to get food. In contrast, transferpaymentsgive direct help to low-income households withoutdistortingmarket.Though both solutions could have benefits as well as disadvantages, after assessing availability of food and efficiency,transfer paymentsis regarded as a better policy.
现在，运用这个框架去练习吧——经济学的高分，始于清晰的思路与结构化的表达。
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