AS经济所有essay的a问,都由一个加粗的and连接。

a问的评分标准也很固定:3分AO1,3分AO2,2分AO3.昨天的推送我们说了知识点的分类:AS经济:详解AO1,AO2和AO3今天我们来详细说一下a问的结构。Essay的a问,需要先回答and前面的问题,再回答and后面的问题。and前面的问题,关键词是explain.这里有两种结构。
1. 如果题目只问AO1的内容,那只要写至少3个AO1的点即可。举几个例子。
a. With the help of examples, explain the difference between free goods and public goods
AO1: free good是什么, public good是什么, 分别举例
b. With the help of a formula, explain what is meant by the term price elasticity of demand for product
AO1: PED的定义,PED的公式,elastic和inelastic的意思
c. Explain three of the components of aggregate demand
AO1: 定义AD,解释三个components
d. Explain the difference between a budget surplus and a budget deficit
AO1: 定义budget, 解释budget surplus, 解释budget surplus, 解释difference
2. 如果题目问的内容需要逻辑链解释,那需要先写至少三个AO1的点,再完整回答题目问题 (至少写两个不同角度的AO2)。这个结构需要大家特别注意,毕竟如果不写AO1,那会直接丢掉3分。举几个例子。
a. Explain two causes of economic growth
AO1: 定义economic growth, 定义short-run growth, 定义long-run growth
AO2: 解释AD上升的一个原因,解释LRAS上升的一个原因
题目问的是causes,因此AO2要写至少两个cause.
b. Explain how monetary policy may be able to reduce the rate of inflation in an economy
AO1: 定义monetary policy, 解释至少两个policy tools,定义inflation
AO2: 解释interest rate上升和exchange rate如何分别降低inflation rate
题目虽然没写policies,但是考试的要求是至少从两个角度来写AO2. 因此interest rate和exchange rate都要写 (当然写credit regulation也可以).我们后面会详细解释从两个角度来写AO2到底是什么意思。
c. Explain why the provision of bus and local rail (mass transit) services in cities is classified as a private good and not a public good
AO1: 定义private good, 定义public good
AO2: 解释为什么mass transit是private good, 解释为什么mass transit不是public good
你可能会问我已经说了mass transit是private good, 为什么还要说他不是public good?因为题目问了。考试的要求是完整回答题目问题,你可别管题目问的合不合理。
d. With the help of a diagram, explain how changes in a subsidy can influence the price and quantity sold of a product in a market
AO1: 定义subsidy, 画图
AO2: Subsidy上升怎么影响PQ,subsidy下降怎么影响PQ
为什么上升和下降都要写?因为题目问的是change.AS考试只要是change,上升下降都要写。
and前面的这两种结构,AO1的3分是都要写的,他们的区别就是有些题还要写AO2.那如何判断要不要写AO2呢?简单来说就是看要不要写逻辑链。来看下面两道题:
1. Explain the difference between frictional unemployment and structural unemployment
2. Explain the possible causes of frictional unemployment and technological unemployment
第一题,只是问frictional和structural unemployment是什么,因此考试的时候只需要写定义即可。第二题,问的是frictional和technological unemployment的cause. 任何cause,我们都是当作AO2来写的。因此,考试的时候需要先定义这两个unemployment,然后解释seasonal unemployment, search unemployment, 以及capital replace labour导致technological unemployment. 当然,如果第一题你也写cause,会不会有问题?当然没问题,毕竟写多了又不扣分。因此,and前面的部分,判断要不要写AO2我觉得不是那么重要。所有的问题,都可以按照先定义,再回答问题的方式来答题。哪怕多写了,也没有关系。
Essay a问and后面的关键词,永远是consider. 而consider是需要AO3的。因此,答题的结构是先从两个不同的角度写AO2,然后再写AO3 (比较AO2并给出judgement).大家可能不是很理解从两个不同的角度写AO2到底是什么意思,接下来我们用考试的不同题型来详细说一下这一点。
1. 比较cause
Explain how the Gini coefficient is used to measure income inequality
and
consider the relative strength of two economic reasons suggested for such inequality in a low-income country.
and后面需要大家比较income inequality的两个cause.
AO2: 写至少两个cause
AO3: Compare causes
还有一些题是and前面写cause,and后面问哪个最重要。这类题的答题结构其实是一样的。比如下面这题:
With reference to a country that is known to you, explain the main causes of unemployment
and
consider which of these causes is most significant.
and前面先定义两种unemployment (AO1),然后分别写cause (AO2). and后面就是直接进行比较 (AO3).
2. 比较consequences
任何consequence的题,AO2都是写positive consequence和negative consequence, 然后AO3进行比较。
一件事情的consequences:
Explain two possible causes of economic growth
and
consider whether the consequences of economic growth for an economy will always be positive.
AO2: Benefits and drawbacks of economic growth
AO3: Compare benefits and drawbacks
两件事情的consequences:
Compare the causes of structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment
and
consider which of these types of unemployment is likely to be more harmful to an economy.
AO2: Benefits and drawbacks of structural unemployment
AO2: Benefits and drawbacks of cyclical unemployment
AO3: Compare structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment
3. 比较policies
任何policy的题,AO2都需要写policy如何解决问题以及对应的limitation, 然后AO3进行比较。
一个policy:
With the help of an example of each, explain the difference between a merit good and a demerit good
and
consider whether a subsidy given to a merit good will always be effective in increasing its consumption.
AO2: Subsidy可以增加Q,Subsidy不能增加Q
AO3: Subsidy到底能不能增加Q
两个policies:
Explain the difference between an import tariff and an import quota and consider why a government would choose an import tariff rather than an import quota as a tool of protection in international trade.
AO2: Tariff的好处坏处
AO2: Quota的好处坏处
AO3: 为什么tariff比quota好
4. 比较usefulness of elasticity
弹性题的usefulness, 每个弹性的AO2都需要写怎么有用和limitation, 然后再在AO3进行比较。
Explain the factors affecting the cross elasticity of demand (XED) for a product
and
consider how useful XED is likely to be to the firm making this product.
AO2: XED如何帮助做决策,XED的limitations
AO3: XED到底有没有用
5. 比较effects
题目问A到底会不会导致B,AO2写A会导致B以及A不会导致B,AO3写A到底会不会导致B
With the help of a diagram(s), explain one reason for an increase in aggregate demand and one reason for an increase in aggregate supply
and
consider whether an increase in aggregate demand will always lead to inflation.
AO2: AD增加会导致inflation, AD增加不会导致inflation
AO3: AD增加到底会不会导致inflation
6. 讨论elasticity在market这个章节,outcome的变化都要讨论elasticity,这样才能在AO2写两个不同角度的点。
With the help of a diagram(s), explain what is meant by equilibrium in a market
and
consider the extent to which the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity are likely to change for a product following an increase in the wages for labour across the whole economy.
AO2: Income上升,YED大于0和YED小于0对应的不同情况,PES大于1和PES小于1对应不同情况都可以进行讨论。
AO3: PQ到底怎么变。
当然,上面只是比较常考的6种情况,但是考试还会有其他的问法。大家要明白的就是,无论题目怎么问,都需要从两个不同的角度去写AO2,这样才可以不被扣分。
总结一下,a问的结构就是以下两点:
1. 先写3分AO1,然后再完整回答题目问题。
2. 回答问题的时候,需要先从两个角度来写AO2,然后进行比较 (AO3).
答题的时候AO1需要写3个点,AO2需要至少2段 (我建议写3段)。这样一般都可以匹配mark scheme.
除了常规的结构之外,还有两种题型我要进行额外说明。
第一种就是cause+consequence的题型,比如下面这题:
Explain two possible causes of economic growth
and
consider whether the consequences of economic growth for an economy will always be positive.
我们前面说了,cause和consequence一般都属于AO2。但是如果这么分配,AO2就会超过3分。因此,这种题型,有些时候ms会把causes放在AO1,consequences放AO2和AO3;有些时候ms会把causes放在AO2,然后把所有consequences都放在AO3.但是你考试的时候是不知道mark scheme的,你只能按照最常规的方法去写:
AO1: 定义 (3分)
AO2: Causes (两个)
AO2: Consequences (正反面都需要)
因此,这种题型的AO2就会需要4-5段,考试的时候需要多预留5分钟时间。
第二种是类似cause+consequence的题型,比如下面这题:
With the help of a diagram, explain how increases in aggregate demand affect the level of real output and the price level in an economy
and
consider when such increases may become a problem.
and前面问的是AD上升怎么影响price level和output,那要不要写AD为什么会上升呢?有些ms要求写,有些ms不要求写。而为了防止不必要的扣分,这类题我建议大家写至少一个cause.
最后,还有一点要注意的就是,有些题的ms比较友好,他会把一些应该是AO2的内容放在AO3.比如这题:

再比如这题:

然而大家在写题目的时候,是看不见ms的。大部分情况下,ms对于AO1/2/3的分类都是按照常规方法来进行的。因此,无论题目怎么问,大家都要按照常规的方法来答题,不能因为某一题的ms就偷懒少写。
以上就是今天的内容,下一篇我们来讲b问结构解析。
