6月14日托福机经出炉！

整理自：机构上海

真题1： 重复2025年4月23

Doctor Achebe

In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea-creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free? Why or why not?

Claire

I support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.

Paul.

It sounds like a good idea, but I’m skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.

参考范文：

I strongly support this policy of establishing car-free zones in more cities. This is because such a policy can benefit both pedestrians and drivers. In busy downtown areas, drivers often find them either stuck in a traffic jam or struggling to find a vacant parking spot/place. Meanwhile, pedestrians face challenges from fast-moving traffic and long queues of cars that block crosswalks, making crossing the road impossible while waiting for the traffic lights. By implementing a car-free zone, drivers might be encouraged to utilize public transport or even walk, reducing congestion. Pedestrians can enjoy safer and more relaxed strolls, enhancing the overall urban experience. This policy, while requiring proper planning, could lead to a more sustainable and pleasant urban environment.

综合写作：

Reading：Some historians claim that the first people to sail around Africa were Phoenicians. Phoenicia was an ancient nation well-known for its seafaring achievements. The historians base their theory on some ancient sources indicating that a group of Phoenician sailors were hired to sail around Africa by an Egyptian king, Necho II, who reigned from 610 to 595 b.c.e.However, many other historians find that theory unconvincing and point to a number of reasons why.

First, it is highly unlikely that the Phoenician sailors possessed the necessary technology to sail around Africa as early as 600 b.c.e. The ships they built were small and held together only with crude wooden pegs. Also, the ships had only one simple square-shaped sail. While such technology might have been suitable to sail on the Mediterranean Sea near Phoenicia, it would not have been suitable for the long voyage in the open ocean around Africa.

Second, it also goes against what we know about Egyptian rulers of the time to suggest that Necho II ordered the expedition and hired the Phoenicians. Ancient Egyptians are understood to have been generally uninterested in exploring the world beyond their kingdom and the lands immediately surrounding it. Necho II would have had no reason to hire Phoenician sailors.

Third, it is possible that the account of a journey around Africa recorded in the ancient sources was just a story invented by sailors that later spread. It was not uncommon for people of the ancient world to make up stories and pass them off as truths, particularly when it had to do with the ocean. Stories of sea monsters and magical islands were also popular at the time, so in the same way, a story about a voyage around Africa could have been invented as well.

Listening：

There's some additional Information that makes the claim that the Phoenician sailed around Africa much more convincing than the reading suggested. First, it's true that phoenicians used rather simple sailing technology, but that doesn't mean the voyage was impossible. In fact, recently, in the 20th century, some scientists and shipbuilders built a copy of an old Phoenician ship to see how capable it was of sailing long distances. They used exactly the same materials and techniques that were available to phoenicians, 600 years, bce and guess what? The scientists successfully sailed this copy of an old ship around Africa. So Phoenician ships may have been good enough for a voice like this. Second, it's true that the ancient Egyptians were generally not interested in exploring areas outside Egypt. But Nico, the second was a rather different kind of king in this respect. For example, he was very interested in water, transportation, and started major projects to connect Egyptian rivers and seized through canals. Nico probably wanted to explore the possibilities of water transportation in general, for trading purposes. He could have hired the Phoenician sailors to sail around Africa to help him discover new trading partners. Finally, the Phoenician sailors reported some facts that make it unlikely that they invented the story. They reported that when they sailed far far to the south, they noticed that at midday at 12 o'clock, the sun was in the northern part of the sky instead of the southern. Well, that's exactly what happens in the southern hemisphere. The sun appears in the northern part of the sky at midday. In contrast to, what happens in the northern hemisphere where the sailors were from? This Information about the position of the sun would be hard to invent. The most likely explanation for it is that the phoenicians had actually gone to the southern hemisphere and observed the sun themselves.

真题2： 重复2024年11月13

真题3：重复2025年3月1

Doctor Diaz:

This week, we'll be discussing the future of education. Let's focus now on the following viewpoint: it is no longer useful to spend many years pursuing a traditional, specialized university degree in a single field, such as communications or economics. Instead, it makes more sense for most people to complete several shorter certification programs and earn certificates in, for example, project management, computer programming, graphic design, and so on.Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? Why?

Claire

I strongly support this approach because it aligns with the changing preferences of many individuals in the modern world who often wish to switch majors or career paths. Embracing certification programs allows people to explore and pursue the fields they are passionate about without the commitment of lengthy degree programs.

Paul

University education is a superior choice due to its comprehensive and specialized nature. While certification programs offer quick training, universities provide a more in-depth understanding of a subject. They encourage critical thinking, research skills, and a broader knowledge base. University degrees often lead to higher earning potential and career opportunities.

参考范文：

I concur with Andrew's the view that shorter, certification-based learning programs are superior to traditional degree programs. The primary reason is that shorter programs better suit the needs of today's professionals, especially given the rapid pace of technological change.

One major advantage of shorter programs is their flexibility and accessibility. Many people in today's fast-paced society find that their skills quickly become outdated, requiring frequent updates. Take, for instance, the administrative workforce, where many secretaries fear that their roles may be overtaken by advanced Artificial Intelligence technologies that can efficiently manage schedules and draft contracts. In situations like these, going back to college for a full-time degree is often impractical especially for those juggling other commitments such as childcare or mortgage payments.

Shorter programs offer a practical solution to this dilemma. Even the busiest working mother can find time over a couple of months to attend night classes or afford a brief period without income. These short courses often culminate in a certification exam that can be completed in a weekend, something unthinkable in a traditional educational setting that usually demands at least a year of full-time study.

In conclusion, while traditional degree programs have their merits, shorter, more flexible learning options are better suited to meet the diverse needs of modern society. They offer a practical and efficient route for skill upgrading, making them a sensible choice for today's busy professionals.

整理自：机构上海

Task1

第一套：Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it is harder to be good parents nowadays than in the past?

难度：适中 本题重复2022年12月10日线下原题

参考回答：

I agree that it is harder to be good parents nowadays. First, modern parents are very busy with their jobs. For example, they work long hours so they have less time to spend with children. This makes it difficult for them to help with homework or play together. Second, children today are easily influenced by the internet and social media. Parents need to pay more attention to what their kids are watching or learning online, which can be stressful. In the past, life was simpler, and parents didn’t have to worry about these things.

第二套：What kind of film do you prefer and why? Exciting/entertaining or serious/with important message?

难度：简单 本题重复2024年1月13日线下，2020年12月家考原题

参考回答：

I prefer to watch exciting and entertaining films. The main reason is that I watch movies to relax after a busy day. For example, last weekend I watched a superhero movie which was full of action and funny moments, and I felt really happy and refreshed afterwards. Also, exciting movies are a great way to spend time with family and friends because we can enjoy the fun together and talk about it later.

第三套：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？Children should be taught to be independent at an early age.

难度：适中 本题重复2019年8月9日，2021年4月25日，2023年9月10日线下原题

参考回答：

I agree that children should be taught to be independent at an early age. First, it helps them build confidence. For example, when I was a kid, my parents encouraged me to pack my own school bag. I felt proud because I could take care of myself. Second, independent children can solve problems more easily. If they learn to do things by themselves, like cleaning their room or making simple decisions, they will be more responsible in the future.

Task 2

第一套：

宿舍离campus很远, 在宿舍里建一个小健身房

第二套：

学校给学生提供一个写作区域

听力：

学生支持这个计划，因为他正好需要写一篇很重要的论文，但平时总被各种事情打断。他说自己去图书馆时，常常遇到朋友，结果被拉去聊天或者一起出去玩，浪费了很多时间。而如果参加这个写作训练营，他就能更专心写作，不会被打扰。而且训练营里有老师随时提供指导，这也能帮助他及时解决写作中遇到的问题，不会像以前一样拖到最后一刻才开始写

Task 3

第一套

阅读学校计划让对某些话题感兴趣的人协助完成调查。

听力举例说明：他所在的研究是统计不同州鸟类种群和种类的数量。学校联系了那些爱好观鸟的人来帮忙收集数据，因为他们经常观测鸟类，可以提供有用信息。

第二套

阅读网络效应：使用某项服务的人越多，整体效率和效果会提升，但一旦人数超过某个程度，也可能带来负面影响。

听力举例说手机刚推出时，用的人少，功能有限。但随着用户增多，人们能随时随地联系朋友，通信更方便，这也推动更多人买手机。不过，当大型活动上太多人同时用手机时，信号可能拥堵，反而影响服务质量。

Task 4

第一套

主题：动物在沙漠中如何适应高温1.一些动物身体结构特殊，有助于散热。2.它们通过抬高身体，减少和炽热地面的接触，以降低热量吸收。

第二套

主题：环境恶化对动物进食方式的影响1.因环境改变，一些动物需要比以前吃更多的植物才能获取足够养分。2.同时，这让它们的消化过程变得更困难，更耗能。

1/The Greek City-States: Sparta and Athens

斯巴达是多利安文明(Dorian civilization)的代表，以强硬政策维护社会稳定，强制奴役希洛特人(the Helots)并长期保持军事警戒，建立等级森严的社会与寡头政治，限制移民、物质拥有量和创造力，虽以忠诚勇敢的士兵和稳定秩序受人钦佩，但在艺术贡献上较少；其女性因需生育强壮的战士被赋予独立性，可外出交流、接受公共教育并拥有财产管理权。雅典则为爱奥尼亚文明的象征，在艺术、智力和文学方面成就卓越，社会更为开放，历经索伦和克利斯提尼的改革，从贵族统治逐步发展为民主政治，赋予自由男性公民参政权利，激发了公民自豪感和艺术活力；不过雅典女性追求端庄守礼，婚后居家操持家务，缺乏公共教育，被排除在政府和军队之外，在家庭和社会中处于从属地位 。

古代文明； 难度简单

2/Uniformitarianism and Earth’s Cycles

17至18世纪地质学尚未成为科学学科时，灾变论认为地球特征由少数几次巨大且突然的超自然灾难在相对近的时间内形成；18世纪晚期，詹姆斯·赫顿(James Hutton)基于侵蚀等缓慢稳定的地质现象观察，提出均匀论，主张如今认知的内外部地质过程在地球历史中持续运作；地质学家运用均匀论逻辑解释地球特征，推断地球应是非常古老的，且能通过古老岩石与现代相似岩石的特征对比推断其形成环境；19世纪地质学家曾因假设地质过程速率恒定用沉积物厚度估算岩石循环时间而得出错误结论，如今通过放射性年代测定法可知岩石循环速率并非恒定，但诸如冰川作用等地质过程的原理和效果古今确是保持一致的。

地质； 难度中等

3/The History and Composition of Laundry Detergent

最早古人用清水清洁，因油脂不溶于水，古埃及人开始使用含纯碱的 natron，其与脂肪加热生成肥皂，而肥皂在公元2世纪希腊医生伽林(Galen)推荐后才用于清洁，肥皂分子因不对称结构能桥接水和油脂。由于从植物制取纯碱耗时且 natron 稀缺，19世纪索尔维(Solvay)开发出从石灰石制纯碱的经济方法，扩大肥皂生产却导致脂肪短缺，一战时催生石油基洗涤剂，其在硬水中表现更优，成为主流。1913年德国药剂师罗姆(Rohm)将含胰酶的配方用于洗衣浸泡，60年代从细菌提取消化酶更便宜，其中纤维素酶少量使用可让织物光滑柔软。此外，顽固污渍需漂白，早期人们用阳光漂白，20世纪初洗涤剂中加入的光学增白剂能将紫外线转化为蓝光，让衣物看起来洁净明亮。

物品发展史； 难度中等

4/Painting in the Dutch Golden Age

17世纪荷兰黄金时代绘画的蓬勃发展，主要得益于风格处理与创作流程的创新：埃赛亚斯·范德维尔德(Esaias van de Veld)等画家通过简化色彩、减少人物、降低地平线等方式创作风景画，扬·波塞利斯(Jan Porcellis)等人则在海景画中采用“色调”手法，推动绘画题材从历史宗教转向日常生活。艺术史学家迈克尔·蒙蒂亚斯(Michael Montias) 认为，这种创新结合更快的绘画技巧、更简单的构图和更有限的用色，降低了劳动成本，使画作价格大幅下降（如现实主义“色调”派风景画价格约15至30 florins，远低于旧作的70至100 florins），从而扩大了市场。尽管缺乏量化证据证实画家效仿出版商缩小书籍尺寸的策略，但相关研究表明，荷兰画家作品尺寸随年代逐渐缩小，且17世纪阿姆斯特丹遗嘱清单中风景、人物和静物等小尺寸题材占比上升，历史画显著减少。新一代画家以合理价格提供优质作品，既释放了中产阶级对原创画作的需求，又因未排斥传统题材、风格和技巧，使绘画种类得以大幅丰富。

艺术； 难度中等

5/The Development of Agriculture

玛雅金字塔与埃及金字塔的起源存在争议，因世界各地都有人工土丘，而两者在规模和用途上明显有差异，故很可能是不同文明独立发明的，这一判断在历史上的农业起源问题中也有体现。目前普遍认为农业在约一万到四千年前在至少七个地方独立出现，现有研究支持多地独立起源说。尽管智人早早遍布各大洲，但植物驯化并未更早出现。原因可能是植物驯化并不简单，要达到技术上“驯化”的标准，必须产生新种类或新物种，这些植物无法在无人工帮助下繁殖。早期人类虽采集野生植物，但那还不算真正的驯化。植物驯化之所以在约一万年前集中出现，可能与冰河时期结束后的生物变化有关。同时，随着人口密度上升，原有的狩猎采集资源变得不足，也促使人们开始种植粮食。七个农业起源中心所驯化的动植物几乎没有重复，每个地区都驯化了不同的物种。这些物种后来通过丝绸之路或海上航线等方式传播开来，是否被其他地区采纳则取决于当地农民的选择。

农业发展； 难度中等

6/Herbivores on the Serengeti Plain

塞伦盖蒂平原的大型食草动物虽然常常竞争食物，但在一些情况下也可能合作共享植物资源。平原上有众多食草动物，这些食草动物根据草的生长进行迁徙，并按顺序享用植物资源：斑马先吃长草，接着是角马食用低矮草，最后是汤姆逊羚羊在干旱季节食用短草。不同食草动物选择草的不同部分，例如斑马主要吃草茎，角马吃更多的草叶，而汤姆逊羚羊则吃草鞘和草本植物。这些食物选择差异决定了它们的营养摄取和能量获取。尽管草茎营养较差，不过斑马通过食用大量草茎来弥补不足。与反刍动物不同，斑马通过消耗更多植物材料来获取足够的营养，而且其体型较大，有助于减少能量需求。

动物； 难度简单

7/Text in Dutch Painting

17世纪荷兰绘画黄金时代的作品除带来视觉愉悦外，还借文字实现道德传达、法律证明等功能：艺术家通过签名、标注日期声明所有权并打破画作对现实的忠实记录错觉，如彼得·萨恩勒丹（Pieter Saenredam）将名字和时间地点题于画中；肖像画借标注被画者年龄、姓名验证身份，反映欧洲个人身份认知新变化；静物画和风俗画中，文字可强化主题，像扬·范德海登(Jan van der Heyden)画作中的引文凸显“虚空”主题，也能歌颂文学历史贡献；此外，部分艺术家将笔迹化为绘画艺术，在书法练习中展现学识与技巧，这种对书写的推崇与当时欧洲对识字和印刷作为文明标志的自觉认知密切相关。

艺术； 难度中等

C1: 学生要预定会议室安排俱乐部活动，接待员给它填写了表格并且说如果要借设备比如投影仪则需要去找多媒体办公室。学生还问了一下公告栏能不能贴传单进行宣传，接待员说可以。

C2: 教授觉得学生写的人A太小众了，连教授都没找到什么相关信息。教授建议他换成B。学生觉得老师建议的人选B并不是鸟类研究者而是艺术家；教授说，你本来想写的这个人A也是艺术家，他们都对科学有很大贡献。

C3: 教授让学生去给高中生上课，内容是莎士比亚的作品，这样可以方便学生更好地去理解这些作品。

C4：学术讨论：学生研究蜂鸟（humming bird）。

L1: 地理。海洋有氧环境指从表面到深海都充满氧气，生物多样性丰富；少氧状态则底部有氧气、表面少，生物多样性少。海藻死亡分解会消耗氧气，洋流流动性也影响氧气含量，氧气不足会产生大量氨，危害环境。

L2: 考古。史前塔斯马尼亚人定居寒冷高海拔山区的原因备受关注。传统观点认为受食物资源影响，最新研究发现，西南山区的洞穴开口避开寒风，树木可挡风并提供燃料，洞穴中工具、火堆痕迹和沙袋鼠遗骸证实人类长期生活，这表明其选择更注重气候适应性。

L3: 海洋生物。海洋生物喝海水时可排盐保水，但海蛇因salt gland排盐能力弱需喝淡水。实验表明，海蛇在海水中体重不变，在淡水中体重增加。雨后淡水因密度小漂浮在海水表面，海蛇即以此补水。

L4: 艺术。教授以《美丽的公主》为例探讨艺术品真伪鉴定：画作无明确来源记录，专家通过画纸年代、色彩、服饰、发型等线索，及面部比例与达芬奇笔记的几何原则相似、笔触显左手作画特征（达芬奇为左撇子），推测其与达芬奇有关，但仍无法完全证明。此外，指纹分析鉴定法虽更客观，却因可能被伪造而存在争议。

L5: 艺术。教授讲解19世纪末至20世纪初艺术运动变革，1915年左右出现以日常生活物品为作品的“现成物”雕塑，为20世纪70年代的“装置艺术”奠定基础。装置艺术通过在特定空间安装作品改变观众对空间的感知，分室内外，如《堤坝》《螺旋堤道》，互动装置艺术也因技术发展流行，尽管被批评制度化，仍能创造动态氛围。