6月14日托福考试已经落下帷幕考情分析新鲜出炉！
有大量旧题复现！
对于认真刷过最近几场考试的同学
想拿高分很容易
但听阅还是有一定难度的
同学们觉得这次考得如何？
期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！
阅读
R 1
The History and Composition of Laundry Detergent
第一段：肥皂的起源与作用机制
最早人类用清水清洁，但水无法溶解油脂，需要加入清洁剂。古埃及人使用一种叫做“钠土（natron）”的天然清洁剂，它含有纯碱（soda ash），加热时能与脂肪反应生成肥皂。肥皂的去污原理是它的分子一端能吸附油脂，另一端吸水，从而把油脂洗掉。最早的肥皂最初用于造型头发，直到公元二世纪才用于清洁。
第二段：硬水中的肥皂问题与纯碱的作用
在矿物质丰富的“硬水”中，肥皂会与矿物质结合形成难以清除的残留物，影响清洁效果，还可能让衣物变黄。此时，单独使用纯碱可以软化水质，防止变色，改善肥皂的清洁效果。
第三段：工业化纯碱生产与合成清洁剂的兴起
19世纪，化学家索尔维发明了从石灰岩中工业生产纯碱的方法，使肥皂产量大增，但也引发了脂肪原料短缺。第一次世界大战期间，人们开始发展以石油为基础的合成清洁剂，这类清洁剂在硬水中效果更佳，现已成为主流。
第四段：酶在洗涤中的应用
肥皂无法去除所有污渍。1913年，德国药剂师鲁姆首次将胰酶应用于洗衣中，用于分解生物性污渍。20世纪60年代，人们开始从细菌中提取酶，成本更低。某些酶还可改善衣物外观，例如纤维素酶可剪除磨损产生的纤维末端，让衣物更光滑亮丽。
第五段：漂白与增白技术
一些白色衣物的污渍难以清除，需要使用漂白剂将有色分子变为无色。最早人们通过日晒漂白。20世纪初，人们发现“光学增白剂”可将紫外线转化为蓝光，使衣物看起来更洁白明亮，无需使用染料。
R 2
The Development of Agriculture
第一段：玛雅金字塔与埃及金字塔的起源争议
玛雅人和古埃及人都建造了金字塔，引发是否玛雅人从埃及学来的疑问。但由于世界各地都有人工土丘，金字塔很可能是不同文明独立发明的。玛雅与埃及金字塔在规模和用途上的差异也支持“独立发明”而非“文化扩散”的观点。这类判断在历史上经常出现，农业起源的问题就是一个例子。
第二段：农业的独立起源与文化刺激扩散
目前普遍认为，农业在约一万到四千年前在至少七个地方独立出现。有些地区（如墨西哥与美国南部）可能存在“刺激扩散”（指理念传播而非具体技术），比如“植物可被驯化”的概念可能传播开来，但没有证据显示这种扩散真的发生过。现有研究支持农业在世界多地是独立发明的。
第三段：农业为何晚至一万年前才出现
尽管智人早早遍布各大洲，但植物驯化并未更早出现。原因可能是植物驯化并不简单，要达到技术上“驯化”的标准，必须产生新种类或新物种，这些植物无法在无人工帮助下繁殖。早期人类虽采集野生植物，但那还不算真正的驯化。
第四段：以玉米为例解释植物驯化的过程
玉米的祖先是墨西哥的一种野草“墨西哥类蜀黍（teosinte）”，其种子外壳坚硬、会自动散播。而驯化后的玉米种子较大、易脱落，不能自我繁殖，离开人类照料很快会灭绝。多数驯化植物和动物也是如此，少数如野猫野狗是例外。
第五段：气候和人口因素促成农业发展
植物驯化之所以在约一万年前集中出现，可能与冰河时期结束后的生物变化有关。同时，随着人口密度上升，原有的狩猎采集资源变得不足，也促使人们开始种植粮食。
第六段：各农业中心的驯化物种各不相同
七个农业起源中心所驯化的动植物几乎没有重复，每个地区都驯化了不同的物种。这些物种后来通过丝绸之路或海上航线等方式传播开来，是否被其他地区采纳则取决于当地农民的选择。
R 3
Uniformitarianism and Earth's Cycles均变论与地球周期
第一段：灾变论的起源
在17至18世纪，地质学尚未发展为科学时，人们相信地球上的地貌是由一些巨大的灾难性事件造成的，这种观点被称为“灾变论”，认为这些事件规模庞大、突然发生，且成因是超自然力量。
第二段：詹姆斯·哈顿提出新理论
18世纪晚期，苏格兰学者詹姆斯·哈顿通过观察环境中的侵蚀现象，提出了一种不同的看法。他认为地貌是由缓慢而持续的过程（如侵蚀、沉积和抬升）逐步形成的，形成一个循环过程。
第三段：均变论的形成
哈顿的观点发展成“均变论”，即今天观察到的地质过程在地球历史上一直存在。通过对比现代环境中形成的岩石特征，可以推断古老岩石形成的环境和过程。
第四段：均变论揭示地球的古老历史
均变论帮助地质学家理性解释地貌的形成，并发现地球极其古老。像山脉的侵蚀、沉积岩的形成与再抬升等循环，需要极其漫长的时间，在地球历史中反复发生。
第五段：19世纪对地质时间的估算错误
19世纪的地质学家试图通过沉积物的厚度估算地质过程所需时间，假设地质过程的速度始终不变。但这种假设是错误的，导致估算结果偏差很大。
第六段：地质过程速率并不恒定
现代通过放射性测年发现，地质过程的速率在历史上并不恒定。有些过程过去更快，有些更慢，因此某些过程（如冰川作用）在不同地质时期的重要性也不同，但其作用机制仍与今天相同。
听力
第一套
C1
学生要做活动想去借一下房间，之后又想借投影仪，但是这个仪器必须要找多媒体办公室才可以。学生想在公告栏中进行宣传，这是可以的，但是不能带私货广告。后来这个人询问学生，这个活动是什么性质的。
L1
海洋有有氧环境，指的是从表面到深海都充满着样子，这样生物的多样性就会比较丰富。海洋还有一种少氧气的状态，就是底部含有氧气，但是表面根本没有多少氧气，这种生物多样性就少。海洋中有海藻，海澡可以给生物提供影响，但是如果海藻挂掉了，那么就需要分解海藻，降解的过程中会消耗大量的氧气，这会导致海洋氧气含量减少。海洋的氧气量也会受到流动性影响，如果海洋不流动了，那么深海有氧气，表面就很少了。海洋氧气含量需要充足，不然就会有大量ammonia，这对环境极为不利。人就想办法用pump方式，但是教授想问如果没有pump的话，海洋氧气含量还会OK吗？
L2
在史前时期，塔斯马尼亚人选择在寒冷的高海拔山区定居的原因一直备受考古学界关注。传统观点认为，人类居住地的选择主要受食物资源分布的影响，例如跟随猎物迁徙。然而，最新的研究发现，塔斯马尼亚西南山区的洞穴和树木为史前人类提供了天然的避风屏障，使其能够在极端寒冷的环境中生存。考古证据显示，这些洞穴的开口方向巧妙地避开了盛行寒风，而茂密的树木不仅阻挡了强风，还提供了充足的燃料。
此外，洞穴中发现的工具、火堆痕迹和沙袋鼠遗骸进一步证实了人类在此长期生活的痕迹。这一发现挑战了传统理论，表明史前人类的选择不仅基于食物，更注重对气候的适应性策略。
C2
教授觉得学生写的这个人，太小众了，连教授都没找到什么相关信息。教授建议他写这个人，并与另外一个人A做一下对比，这样的话会更好。学生说这个他是个艺术家，教授说，你写的这个人也是艺术家，他们都对科学有很大贡献。
L3
在这段讨论中，教授和学生们探讨了如何鉴定艺术作品的真伪。以《美丽的公主》为例，这幅画曾被认为是文艺复兴时期意大利艺术家达芬奇的作品。画作没有明确的来源记录（即“出处”），这使得其真实性受到怀疑。专家通过分析画纸的年代、画作的色彩、人物的服饰和发型等线索，推测它可能与达芬奇有关。此外，画作中的面部比例和达芬奇的笔记中的几何原则相似，画的笔触也显现出左手作画的特征，这符合达芬奇是左撇子的事实。
然而，尽管有这些迹象，仍然无法完全证明《美丽的公主》是达芬奇的作品。教授还提到了通过指纹分析来鉴定艺术品真伪的最新方法。通过比对画作上的指纹与已知艺术家的指纹，如果能够确认匹配，鉴定过程可能变得更为客观。然而，这种方法也存在争议，因为极其精密的伪造者可能能够复制著名艺术家的指纹，进而影响鉴定结果。
第二套
C1
教授让学生去给高中生上课，上莎士比亚的，这样可以方便学生更好理解。
L1
海洋生物喝海水，它们可以排除大量的盐分，但是也不会丢失大量的水。之后讲了海蛇，这个蛇是不喝海水的，因为它的gland能力不是很强，因此需要喝淡水去补水，于是研究人员做了一个实验，证明了这个事情。海蛇不可能一直在陆地上，因此，需要从海洋中去寻找淡水。后来发现，海蛇会利用一种现象叫freshwater lens。降水会降临在海洋中，但是淡水密度小于海洋水密度，因此会漂浮在海洋上面，海蛇就是喝这种地方的淡水。
L2
marine biology，讲的是为什么海洋生物为什么需要migrate long distance，一开始的时候，讲的是fast behavior，后面提到了北极熊和企鹅。他们要去tropical areas，因为在比较冷的时候他们没有很多fat，然后等他们怀孕生完之后，再回到cold areas。
C2
第一篇对话是女生是新生，她想和她朋友住在一起，管理员说要么她现在申请，要么等她朋友一起来申请。
L3
还有一篇L讲的是comet然后对于地球开始产生organism的影响，一开始提了一下comet的过程，然后跑了一下题提了恐龙消失是因为大爆炸，后面就提到了comet让地球开始产生生命，因为地球很早之前很热之类的。
口语
TASK 1 独立口语题
第一套
Some people prefer to watch films that are exciting and entertaining. Others prefer to watch films that are more serious and have an important message or teach them something new. What kind of film do you prefer and why？Use specific examples and details in your response.
第二套
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is now more difficult for parents to raise kids than before.
TASK 2 校园题
Reading：The school plans to organize writing activities on a farm.
Listening：The speaker agrees with the plan, giving two reasons:
1.Students can focus better on writing at the farm, as there are fewer distractions than in the library.
2.They can get immediate help from the writing coach without needing to make an appointment, unlike at the school's writing center.
TASK 3 学术讲座题
When the telephone was first invented, very few people used it. As more people started using phones later, the lines became overloaded, causing frequent disconnections.
TASK 4 学术讲座题
Effect of Rising CO₂ on Caterpillars：
1. Difficulty absorbing nutrients
o Example: As leaves grow larger due to high CO₂, their nutrients are more diluted. Caterpillars get less nutrition per bite.
2. Difficulty digesting nutrients
o Example: The chemical structure of plants changes, making them harder to chew and digest. Caterpillars can’t absorb enough nutrients as a result.
写作
第一套
综合写作
The reading casts doubt on the historical claim that Phoenician sailors circumnavigated Africa around 600 BCE, citing three objections. However, the lecture systematically refutes each point with concrete evidence.
First, while the reading argues that primitive technology, including rudimentary ships and navigation tools, made crossing the equator to southern Africa impossible, the lecture counters with an empirical experiment. Modern scientists replicated Phoenician vessels using identical materials and techniques, successfully sailing around Africa. This proves such a voyage was technologically feasible, dismantling the reading’s assumption.
Second, against the claim in the reading that Egyptian rulers lacked interest in exploration, the lecturer acknowledges most pharaohs focused domestically but highlights a key exception: Necho II actively pursued water-based trade routes. His construction of canals and documented efforts to find new commercial partners align with sponsoring the Phoenician expedition. Thus, unique political will existed.
Third, the reading dismisses the voyage as fictional, comparing it to mythical tales of sea monsters. The lecture invalidates this by citing a specific astronomical detail in Phoenician records: sailors reported seeing the sun in the northern sky at midday while south of the equator—a phenomenon exclusive to the Southern Hemisphere. Since ancient writers lacked knowledge to fabricate this, the account must be factual.
学术讨论
Professor:
In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea—creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free, which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free? Why or why not?
Claire:I support the idea of establishing car-free zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents: it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.
Paul:It sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.
(100% real test)
第二套
综合写作
The reading contends that all U.S. government arts funding should cease. However, the lecture refutes this position point by point, arguing that public art investment is both legitimate and beneficial.
First, addressing the claim that arts funding falls outside governmental duties, the lecturer concedes that national security is fundamental but asserts that art serves essential societal welfare. Museums and public art programs educate communities, fostering cultural literacy—a goal aligned with the government’s role in promoting public well-being. Thus, art support is not merely "entertainment" but a civic investment.
Second, countering the argument about tax misuse, the lecture highlights art’s tangible economic returns. For instance, government grants to theaters or festivals generate tourism revenue and create jobs. The lecturer cites Broadway’s impact: every dollar invested yields seven dollars in local business income—proving art funding is economically rational, not wasteful.
Finally,against the reading’s "no obligation" stance, the speaker emphasizes that certain art forms require subsidies to survive. Profit-driven markets neglect culturally significant but non-commercial art, such as indigenous crafts preservation. Without state aid, such heritage would vanish, depriving society of irreplaceable cultural assets.
学术讨论
Dr. Achebe:
On the day of outdoor classes, students will be transported to local parks. There, teachers will help students explore nature and learn about the environment (for example, plants and animals), environmental problems (such as pollution), and ways of addressing these problems. Do you think that outdoor classes once a month will be a worthwhile use of students' instructional time and school resources?
Kelly:We should avoid burdening teachers with additional responsibilities during instructional time. Teachers are already tasked with delivering quality education and managing classrooms effectively. Adding more duties, such as administrative tasks or non-teaching responsibilities, can divert their focus from teaching. Instead, we should prioritize supporting teachers in their primary role.
Andrew:Hands-on learning outside the classroom can help students understand environmental problems in a tangible way and spark their interest to learn more. For example, measuring air or water quality in local areas impacted by pollution can vividly demonstrate environmental threats. Outdoor learning experiences make environmental issues real to students, motivating them to care about finding solutions.
第三套
综合写作
The reading argues that herbicides are not responsible for the death of evergreen trees, citing three pieces of evidence. However, the lecture systematically refutes each claim, asserting that herbicide use is indeed the primary cause.
First, while the reading claims herbicides are environmentally safe based on passing safety tests, the lecture reveals a critical flaw: these tests only assessed impacts on animals like dogs and cats, not evergreen trees. Since herbicides may affect plant species differently, the absence of tree-specific testing invalidates the reading’s safety conclusion.
Second, against the reading’s observation of uneven tree death patterns, the lecturer explains this aligns precisely with herbicide behavior. Herbicides dissolve in water, flow downstream, and accumulate in low-lying areas—killing trees there—while elevated areas remain unaffected. Thus, the "uneven pattern" actually corroborates herbicide damage rather than contradicting it.
Third, the reading attributes tree deaths to other causes like high temperatures and droughts. The lecture counters this by highlighting an age anomaly: heat stress typically browns old trees, but the affected evergreens are predominantly new saplings. This mismatch proves climatic factors are irrelevant, pointing squarely to herbicide toxicity as the culprit.
学术讨论
Professor:This week, we'll be discussing the future of education. Let's focus now on the following viewpoint: it is no longer useful to spend many years pursuing a traditional, specialized university degree in a single field, such as communications or economics. Instead, it makes more sense for most people to complete several shorter certification programs and earn certificates in, for example, project management, computer programming, graphic design, and so on. Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? Why?
Claire:I strongly support this approach because it aligns with the changing preferences of many individuals in the modern world who often wish to switch majors or career paths. Embracing certification programs allows people to explore and pursue the fields they are passionate about without the commitment of lengthy degree programs.
Paul:University education is a superior choice due to its comprehensive and specialized nature. While certification programs offer quick training, universities provide a more in-depth understanding of a subject. They encourage critical thinking, research skills, and a broader knowledge base. University degrees often lead to higher earning potential and career opportunities.
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