整体来说，今天的托福阅读和听力部分考了三套题，而且大部分题目都与旧题重复，需要提醒各位考生备考需以真题为核心，在复盘旧题时提炼方法论，同时保持对话题变体的敏感度，避免因 “似曾相识” 而疏忽细节。
通过系统的背景积累、题型训练和限时模拟，可有效提升应对重复考题的准确性和效率。
1. 猿猴 （猿猴起源于旧世界，经海平面下降时的陆桥迁至南美洲，新旧世界猿猴在鼻孔、解剖和色觉上有差异。旧世界猿猴与猿类骨骼特征不同，猿类智力更高，现存猿类是古代辐射的少数遗存。）
2. 蓝蝴蝶 （19 世纪末英格兰大蓝蝶因栖息地退化灭绝，其幼虫依赖 Myrmica 蚂蚁共生，需特定蚂蚁在短草微环境中收养。草过高会致蚂蚁种类改变，幼虫存活率骤降，新烧草地可吸引关键蚂蚁种群。）
3. 树的年轮和 C14 （树木年轮每年生长，气候干湿影响疏密，利用年轮中 C14 的放射性标记法可判断树木年龄。）
4. 非洲铁器（铁冶炼技术传入非洲的来源存争议，有腓尼基传入和独立发展两种观点。铁器在西非迅速传播，推动农业集约化和社会分工，虽与班图语传播时间吻合，但两者关联需更充分证据。）
5. 尼罗河 （尼罗河谷与撒哈拉沙漠共同推动非洲农业发展，沙漠干旱驱人至尼罗河定居。最早的食物生产证据来自撒哈拉，18000 年前尼罗河为多河道绿洲，人们以鱼类为主要蛋白质来源，辅以狩猎和植物碳水化合物。）
6. 甲烷 (深海甲烷水合物是潜在能源，碳含量超其他化石燃料总和两倍，1970 年首次发现后多地有分布。开采面临技术难题，需克服深海高压分解、气体逸出等挑战，中日已开展试点项目，未来有望成重要能源。）
对话部分：
-选课场景：学生与设计专业教授讨论选课问题，学生误选先修课后需调整，教授帮其选替代课程。两人还探讨学术话题：不对称设计的平衡技巧，以及色彩和线条的情感影响，教授强调设计原则需灵活运用。
-活动场景：学生因参加家庭婚礼需缺席课程，计划提前提交作业。教授要求作业从故事配角视角重述，建议她参考福克纳作品但保持创作自由。
-书店场景：学生因超退书期限无法退还心理学教材，书店称政策因过去恶意退书现象调整，建议按回购价出售，但教材下学期改版致价格大幅缩水。
-活动场景：学生错过报社活动时间，导师鼓励其加入学生报社，他有高中编辑和体育报道经验，但需协调周日工作与球队比赛时间。
讲座部分：
-文学：解读某作家怪兽小说，老师提出与自然（如天气）相关的新视角；
-历史：文艺复兴不仅是艺术“重生”，更涵盖科学、经济等领域。意大利文艺复兴体现在语言通俗化、艺术世俗化，西班牙穆尔文化与中国唐朝崛起均被视为类似“复兴”现象；
-艺术史：Fanny Mendelssohn的《复活节奏鸣曲》，其作品因性别被质疑，后通过日记、信件及文献比对确认为其创作，未署名因时代对女性作曲家的限制；
-环境科学：某物种灭绝原因推测为人为与气候变化共同作用，以麝牛（musk ox）研究为例佐证；
-地质学：讨论大陆形成学说，提及新大陆抬升、冰川减缓摩擦等作用；
-生物学：加拿大松树遭外来甲虫入侵，甲虫携带的真菌致树变蓝，治理重点关注生态交界带（interphase zone）；
-历史：炼金术虽非科学，但实验方法启发化学。培根提出科学方法，波义耳通过真空实验推翻旧理论，著书批判炼金术，推动化学转向实证研究；
-哲学：古希腊伊壁鸠鲁学派主张简单生活以获内心宁静，与当下“追求奢华”的词义不同，其哲学比怀疑主义更易被接受，连美国前总统杰斐逊也是信徒。
整理自：机构广州
一、学术讨论
今天的托福考试学术讨论有3个题目
题目1：
Doctor Achebe
This week in class we are learning about different methods of advertising and their effectiveness. One advertising strategy that companies often use is to ask celebrities, famous entertainers, or sports figures to promote their products. However some experts believe that it is more effective to have ordinary people talk about the product. Which of these two advertising strategies do you think is better?
Paul
I like the "ordinary people" approach. People are more interested in a product when they see people like themselves using the product. I think this is even true for clothing advertisements, which traditionally use famous models. People get a better idea of whether they like the clothes when they see all kinds of different people wearing them, and not just models.
Claire
I think the use of celebrities is really effective. The first thing an advertisement must do is grab viewers' attention. When a famous actor or sports figure appears in your advertisement, viewers first notice the celebrity, "what's this? I really like that person." they think. Then, once you have the viewers' attention, you can, provide information about your product.
SAMPLE WRITING
In my opinion, using ordinary people to promote products is a more effective advertising strategy than celebrity endorsements.
First, ordinary people create a sense of trust and authenticity. When consumers see regular individuals sharing their honest experiences, they are more likely to relate to and believe in the product. For example, many consumers trust user reviews on websites like Amazon more than celebrity endorsements because these reviews often include specific details like "the mascara lengthened my lashes without clumping," "this skincare cream cleared my acne," and "the running shoes are super comfortable for long-distance jogging." These genuine opinions resonate more with potential buyers who value real-life results.
Second, ordinary individuals can provide diverse perspectives. Unlike celebrities, who may appeal to a specific demographic, everyday users represent a broader range of experiences. A great example is the advertising for Airbnb, which features stories from regular hosts and guests. These advertisements highlight various travel experiences, such as a family’s memorable vacation or a solo traveler discovering local culture, showcasing how Airbnb can accommodate different lifestyles and needs. This inclusivity helps potential customers see themselves using the service.
题目2：
Doctor Diaz:
Job sharing is a type of part-time employment in which one position can be shared by two part-time workers; that is, the two people share the work, hours, and pay of one job. Job sharing opens more opportunities to people who have other responsibilities, such as taking care of their children or studying, and who need flexible working hours. Do you agree or disagree that job sharing is good for workers? Why?
Andrew:
I think job sharing provides employees with the flexibility they need to fulfill various responsibilities outside of work, such as taking care of their children, pursuing further education, or participating in personal endeavors. This arrangement allows individuals to have more control over their time and commitments, ultimately leading to greater overall well-being.
Claire：
Well, I don’t think so. Effective communication is crucial for successful job sharing. However, maintaining consistent and clear communication between part-time workers can be challenging when they have different schedules or limited overlap at the workplace. For example, if two employees share customer service responsibilities in a retail store, gaps in communication due to different work schedules can result in delayed responses, inconsistent information, and customer dissatisfaction
题目3：
Doctor Diaz
Today, we are going to discuss an emerging work arrangement known as job sharing. Job sharing is a type of employment in which one full-time position can be shared by two part-time workers: that is. the two people share the work, hours, and pay of one job. For example, two part-time accountants share one full-time accounting position, splitting the responsibilities of the position. Do you think the job-sharing arrangement is a positive trend? Why or why not?
Claire
I'm not sure job sharing is a good idea. l think it would be too confusing for employers to keep track of who is working on which day or who is responsible for certain projects. Coworkers who have questions about certain projects would also get confused about which person to address their questions to.
Paul
I think job sharing can lead to more fulfilling lives for a lot of people. Many workers want to continue developing their careers but don't want to spend so much time working full-time jobs. Some people want to spend time developing their hobbies or taking classes, for example. Job sharing could be very convenient for their schedules.
二、综合写作
第1套综合写作：
阅读：
人类大脑缩小的原因三种可能的形成原因：
1.气候变化（climate change）
2.农业（agriculture）
3.肌肉质量的减少（reduction in muscle mass）：阅读指出肌肉质量的减少会使得控制肌肉的大脑组织减少，进而造成人类大脑缩小。
听力反驳：
1.气候变化不匹配（climate change mismatch）：听力反驳称气候反复变化（up and down）时，人类大脑并未出现相应的变大变小情况，大脑缩小与气候变化不存在紧密联系。
2.农业革命时间不同步（agricultural revolution timing discrepancy）：听力提到农业革命在全世界开始的时间各不相同，但人类大脑的缩小过程却是同步的，以此反驳农业是大脑缩小原因的观点。
3.肌肉减少因素次要（muscle reduction as a minor factor）：听力表示即便肌肉减少可算作大脑缩小的一个原因，该因素也过于次要（minor），无法完全（fully）解释人类大脑缩小的现象。
第2套综合写作：
阅读：
Pretrels（海燕）数量减少的原因及解决方案
1.非原始的捕食者（non - native predators）：文中指出非原始的捕食者，例如猫，是导致 Pretrels 数量减少的原因之一。猫作为外来捕食者，可能会对 Pretrels 的栖息地和个体进行攻击，威胁其生存。
2.城市灯光（urban lights）：阅读认为城市灯光也是致使 Pretrels 数量下降的因素。城市中大量的灯光会干扰 Pretrels 的正常行为和导航能力，对其生存造成不利影响 。
3.渔民误捕（accidental capture by fishermen）：由于 Pretrels 也以鱼为食，在其捕食过程中，可能会误入渔民的鱼网（fish nets），渔民捕鱼时的误捕行为会导致 Pretrels 数量减少。
听力：
1.建立保护围栏（construct conservation fences）：听力提出建立两米高的保护围栏作为解决方案，这种高度的围栏能防止猫跳过（cats can't jump over），并且围栏上有特殊构造使得猫无法攀爬（cats can't climb），从而减少猫对 Pretrels 的威胁。
2.季节性关灯（seasonal light - off）：建议政府倡导（government advocacy）人们在特定季节关灯。因为受灯光影响较大的通常是刚学会飞行的幼鸟（young fledgling birds），在它们学习飞行的季节关灯，可避免灯光对 Pretrels 幼鸟的干扰，降低其因灯光导致的伤亡率。
3.调整渔民捕鱼时间（adjust fishermen's fishing time）：鉴于 Pretrels 通常在白天（during the day）捕鱼，听力提出让渔民在晚上（at night）收网和放网（set and retrieve nets），这样能够有效减少 Pretrels 误入渔网被误捕（accidental capture）的情况。
第3套综合写作：
美国西部的操场上都有对于马匹数量的限制，而现在的科学家认为在操场上马匹的数量应该更少，因为这种马对于草原有着很大的威胁。
1.过度啃食与生态破坏（overgrazing and ecological damage）：野马会大量吃草（overgraze），这种行为不仅会过度消耗牧场的草资源，还会破坏土壤结构，进而影响整个牧场的动植物生态圈（ecosystem of plants and animals）。大量的野马啃食使得植被减少，土壤暴露在外，易引发水土流失等问题，破坏生态平衡。
2.影响牧场承载能力（affecting the carrying capacity of the pasture）：牧场中除了野马，还有牛（cattle）和羊（sheep）等农场动物（farm animal）。野马数量过多会破坏牧场的承载能力（carrying capacity），导致牧场无法为所有动物提供足够的食物、空间等资源，影响牧场的可持续性发展和其他动物的生存。
3.水质破坏与鱼类生长阻碍（water quality damage and hindrance to fish growth）：野马饮水时的活动会破坏水质（water quality），并且阻碍幼鱼（juvenile fish）的生长。它们在水源处的活动可能会搅动水底泥沙，使水体浑浊，同时可能引入污染物，改变水质，不利于幼鱼生存。
听力反驳：
1.对草场的积极作用（positive effects on grassland）：野马仅仅吃掉草的表层部分，不会破坏草根（root），草依旧能够继续生长。此外，野马的粪便（feces）可以作为天然肥料（fertilizer），为草场提供养分，促进草的生长，反而对草场有益。
2.对羊数量的保护作用（protective effect on sheep population）：野马的存在实际上可以保护羊的数量。因为捕食者（predators）会同时捕食野马和羊等动物，如果野马数量减少，捕食者就会将更多捕食目标转向羊，导致羊被捕食的数量增加，所以野马对羊起到了一定的保护作用。
3.对幼鱼生长的不确定性（uncertainty about the impact on young fish）：野马的存在不一定对幼鱼（young fish）有害。通过海狸（beaver）的例子进行说明，曾经该地区有海狸时，它们建造水坝（dams），减缓了水流速度（water flow），创造了更适合幼鱼生长的环境。但海狸消失后，幼鱼数量反而下降，由此说明不能简单认定野马会阻碍幼鱼生长 。
整理自：机构广州
Task 1 – Independent Speaking
Question:Some managers allow their employees to have flexible working hours, while others do not. In industries where flexible working hours are possible, do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, or vice versa?
Task 2 – Campus Situation (Reading + Listening)
Reading Passage:The university requires literature majors to take a course in Contemporary Literature, which covers influential works from the past few decades. The student in the reading suggests that this course should no longer be required. He believes that students can read contemporary books during their free time, and since literature majors already have more course requirements than others, dropping this class could help some students graduate on time.
Listening Passage:The female student in the listening disagrees. She argues that casual reading during free time does not involve deep analysis or critical thinking. In contrast, classroom learning involves careful reading, discussions, writing papers, and exploring related texts, which is a completely different experience. She also mentions that very few students actually delay graduation because of this course. Most students who graduate late either double major or switch majors, and it’s normal for them to need extra time to complete additional courses.
Task 3 – General Concept + Example (Reading + Listening)
Reading Passage:The concept discussed is Closed-Loop Design – a sustainable practice where manufacturers reuse materials from old or used products to create new ones. This approach reduces waste and keeps products from ending up in landfills.
Listening Example:The example given is about white carpets. When white carpets get dirty or worn out, people usually throw them away. However, with new manufacturing techniques, companies can remove the outer layers of the old carpet, clean and reprocess them to make new carpets. Customers can call the company to replace old carpets, and the company will recycle the used ones. This process reduces costs and minimizes environmental pollution since the materials are reused rather than discarded.
Task 4 – Academic Lecture (Biology)
Lecture Summary:The professor explains how burrowing animals, such as certain prairie rodents, dig tunnels and use them as shelter to avoid predators. Interestingly, these burrows also benefit other animals and the environment.
Two Key Benefits:1. Protection for Other Species:When the original rodents abandon the burrows, other animals, like burrowing owls, use them as nests. These underground nests help protect the owls’ young from predators and harsh weather, offering a safer environment compared to nesting above ground.2. Improvement of Soil Quality:The tunnels loosen and aerate the soil, improving its ability to absorb rainwater. This helps supply water to plants and supports healthy vegetation. Researchers have found that grass tends to grow especially well in areas where rodent burrows are present.
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